托福閱讀理解推斷題怎么做
托福閱讀考試中,有很多的題型,推斷題是其中一種。托福閱讀推斷題要怎么解題?下面就是學習啦小編給大家整理的托福閱讀理解推斷題解題方法,希望對你有用!
托福閱讀理解推斷題解題方法
問題形式
這類問題主要考察考生對文章中一個觀點或立場的理解程度,而這種觀點或立場是作者在文章中強烈暗示但并沒有明確闡明的。比如說,如果文章陳述了一個事件的結果,那么推論類問題就很可能問考生其原因是什么;如果文章出現(xiàn)對比,那么此類問題就可能問考生其對比的基礎是什么。
注意:解答此類問題時,考生不僅需要理解作者所寫出句子的字面意思,還必須搞清楚這些句子之間的邏輯性暗示。正確答案一定是從文章已給出的內容中推論出來的。
這種題目的提問方式通常為:
推論類問題的題干中通常會出現(xiàn)infer、suggest或者imply這類詞匯。
★ Which of the following can be inferred about X?
★ The author of the passage implies that X…
★ Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about X?
解題步驟
1. 讀題干,確定問題類型
2. 選擇問題中的關鍵詞或關鍵短語作為定位信息
3. 瀏覽指定段落,利用定位信息確定原文中的對應內容
4. 仔細閱讀并且理解原文中的對應內容,直接確定答案或者利用排除法確定答案。
注意:錯誤選項通常為
★ 不被文中所給出或暗示的信息所支持
★ 重復文章中信息但沒有回答問題
★ 過于籠統(tǒng)或模糊
★ 不真實、不準確
★ 與文章不相關或者沒有被提及
解題范例
The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form. In areas where considerable soil still remains, through, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface.
It can be inferred from the passage that the author most likely believes which of the following about the future of desertification?
○ Governments will act quickly to control further desertification.
○ The factors influencing desertification occur in cycles and will change in the future.
● Desertification will continue to increase.
○ Desertification will soon occur in all areas of the world.
托福閱讀推理題找到推理依據(jù)的方法
一、 推理的奧秘
我們都知道,推理判斷題的題目特征就是infer, imply, indicate, suggest等有“暗含”“隱喻”的詞,那么針對于推理判斷題,我們是不是一定要進行復雜而縝密的卷福式的“推理”呢?當然不會啦,請同學們記住,ETS是一個常年累月都在絞盡腦汁的維持自己題目難度保持一致的機構。這也是為什么不論我們參加當年哪一場的托福考試,學校對于分數(shù)的要求都沒有任何波動的原因。所以針對托福當中的任何題型難度也是驚人的萬年不變。所以,推理題的答案要以和原文一致為標準,并且考試中經常出現(xiàn)“推理而不推”的情況, 來說就是原文直接對應選項,沒有什么改變的“不推的推理題”的情況。
比如例題:(TPO34-P2-Q1)
What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about Britain’s short supply of wood in the eighteenth century?
A Wood from Britain’s great forests was being exported to other countries for profit.
B A growing population had required cutting down forests to increase available land for farming.
C Larger families required the construction of larger homes made from wood.
D What was left of the great forests after the medieval period was being strictly protected.
根據(jù)題目對應到第一句(切記當題目中有about就拿about后面內容回原文定位),但信息過少于是看下一句Because of the growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had long ago been replaced by fields of grain and hay. 文中說因為人口增長,英國在中世紀時大部分森林已經被農田和牧草代替,因此木材更加缺乏,但是它卻一直都很重要。直接對應選項B。由此可見這并沒有什么推理過程。
二、 固定路徑的推理
固定路徑的推理是我們考察內容中非常重要的一點,要從題目和原文共同著手。而固定路徑推理又分為兩個部分:1.整體與部分,2.取反推理。
下面我們就分別來介紹
1. 整體與部分推理指的就是抽象和實際概念上的范圍推理。大范圍可以推導出對應小范圍的內容。比如“中國的陶瓷制品質量非常好”可以推導出“江西瓷器質量不錯”因為中國是大范圍,江西是其中的小范圍,所以這是可以推導出來的。
比如例題:(OG-THE ORIGINS OF CETACEANS)
8. It can be inferred that Basilosaurus breed and gave birth in which of the following locations
A. On land
B. Both on land and at sea
C. In shallow water
D. In a marine environment
對應原文B這種動物的定位得知: Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.說明這是一種完全海洋生物,所以在這種大環(huán)境下,題目的“breed and give birth ”都是在海洋中。選擇D
2. 取反推理指的就是我們所說的相反關系的標志,比如“在她來到我們班之前,我是最美的女生”這句話告訴我們一個什么信息呢?“她來了之后我就不是我們班最美的了”同理,如果推理判斷題中有標志性的時間或是事件點,他們前后的相反關系是至關重要的。
比如例題:(TPO6-P2-Q3)
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about canal building?
A. Canals were built primarily in the south of England rather than in other regions.
B. Canal building decreased after the steam locomotive was invented.
C. Canal building made it difficult to study rock strata which often became damaged in the process.
D. Canal builders hired surveyors like Smith to examine exposed rock strata.
根據(jù)題目對應原文第一句:This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height.這句話告訴我們,在蒸汽機車出現(xiàn)之前,運河建筑處于頂峰,最高點的狀態(tài)。所以說明,在那之后,就不再最高。所以選擇B。同理還有TPO33-P3-Q12.TPO19-P3-Q5.TPO4—P3-Q6等
三、 不走尋常路的推理
不走尋常路就是說推理的范圍比較大,要自己選擇哪些內容比較重要。例如近期考試中經常出現(xiàn)給兩段范圍的推理題型。切記,既然題目給你兩段的范圍,那么一定不會只用到一段的信息。所以要找好切入點至關重要。定位到其中一段的位置之后,另一段中一定有些可以聯(lián)系起來的信息。
比如例題:(TPO7-P1-Q12)
Which of the following statements about leading Roman soldiers and statesmen is supported by paragraphs 5 and 6?
A. They could read and write the Greek language.
B. They frequently wrote poetry and plays.
C. They focused their writing on military matters.
D. They wrote according to their lives.
根據(jù)題目對應到原文: .It was no accident that many leading Roman soldiers and statesmen were writers of high caliber.,可是句子中沒有任何可以用來選擇的內容,這時一定注意題目給了兩段的范圍,所以我們根據(jù)這句話的信息“高素質的作家”回第五段定位,這時發(fā)現(xiàn),It was absolutely accepted that an educated Roman should be fluent in Greek.高素質證明一定受過教育呀,所以對應到這句之后選擇A。
同理還有例題TPO27-P3-Q4 TPO14-P3-Q1+Q10 TPO11-P3-Q10
總而言之,針對于推理判斷題,我們要充分調動原文當中的信息。獲取關鍵信息之后,對應推理類型。同時也要注意,推理可能范圍廣??赡苁悄撤N標志性的時間或者是事件。其次范圍也是一種很大的幫助。針對兩段對應的內容要對應兩段當中可以聯(lián)系一起的信息,得出答案。
正逆向思維解決托福閱讀推斷題
OG上將推斷題定義為檢查考生對文章中強烈建議但絕不明說觀點(strongly implied but not explicitly stated in the text)的理解程度,屬于理解性題目,題目要求如下:
Paragraph 2 suggests which of the following about X?
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about X?
According to paragraph 3, what do Y indicate about X?
According to paragraph 4, what does the author imply about X?
題干中有出現(xiàn)infer, imply, indicate或suggest這四個單詞,我們就判定這個題目為推斷題,那么推斷題應該如何解答呢?
第一步,判斷題型。我們拿到題目,看到上面四個單詞中的任何一個,心中就想著這是推斷題,推斷題的做題宗旨是文章強烈暗示,要通過文章內容進行合理推斷。
第二步,審清題干,原文定位。仔細閱讀題干,弄清題干內容,推斷方向,帶著題干核心信息到文章中準確定位。
第三步,推測+判斷。根據(jù)相關句進行正向或逆向的推理,最后擇優(yōu)而選,確定答案。
正向推斷:和事實信息題做題方法一樣,答案就是定位的句子的同義改寫。
逆向推斷:大致分為兩種,一種是時間,第二種是兩類事物的對比。
第一種,題干中往往會出現(xiàn)表示時間的信息,比如:after 1932, since early years of the 19th century. 例如TPO 20 Passage 1 Western Migration Q1:
Paragraph 1: The story of the westward movement of population in the US is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815, improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly.
What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?
m They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco and cotton.
m They were able to sell their produce at high prices
m They had not been successful in raising cattle.
m They did not operate in a national market economy.
題干中出現(xiàn)了兩個信息,一個是western farmers, 一個是prior to 1815, 帶著兩條信息去文中定位,定位在第一段第四行,但是文章中沒有提到1815年之前,只有1815年之后,答案其實很簡單,只要把1815年之后的內容看懂了,并且在這個內容前面加not即可。舉個簡單的例子,“從現(xiàn)在起Jessica是個姑娘”,“請問你能推斷出昨天Jessica怎么了么?”可能很多人想到“是不是Jessica做了變性手術?”,其實這就算過分推斷了,答案就是Jessica昨天不是個姑娘。言歸正題,文中說到,改善的交通使得越來越多的西部農民擺脫了自給自足的生活,并且進入了國家性的市場經濟,那個時候貨物的價格很多,所以向西遷移的速率也大幅增長。
第二種:兩類事物的對比,往往文中會出現(xiàn)表示對比的關系詞:by contrast, unlike, while, whereas, on the contrary, in comparison to, distinct from, different from等詞。例如TPO 2中的The Origins of Cetaceans的第2題,讓考生推測關于early sea otters的,回到原文中定位,會發(fā)現(xiàn)關鍵句中存在著一個unlike, 說不像sea otters, 想象一下早期鯨類比較困難(not easy=difficult),那我們逆推一下,不就是說想象早期sea otters長什么樣比較容易,正確答案中出現(xiàn)了not difficult, 所以這道題很簡單。當然ETS不會一直都出這么簡單的推斷題,這里只是給大家一個答題的方向。
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