2019托福備考-寫(xiě)作考試套路解析
托福考試聽(tīng)說(shuō)讀寫(xiě)四個(gè)科目中,寫(xiě)作部分是大家花費(fèi)時(shí)間少,提升效果最快的科目。在備考初期,大家對(duì)于寫(xiě)作的考試規(guī)則要有全面的了解。今天我們重點(diǎn)來(lái)講解的是托福寫(xiě)作的考試套路。
考試套路解析
一、綜合寫(xiě)作
開(kāi)頭給你3分鐘看下給出的閱讀材料,之后聽(tīng)一篇聽(tīng)力,最后總結(jié)下聽(tīng)力和閱讀都說(shuō)了什么,以及它們之間的邏輯關(guān)系是什么。綜合寫(xiě)作鼓勵(lì)大家用模板,因?yàn)榫C合寫(xiě)作的模式是駁論(基本上都是,極少數(shù)情況下不是)且套路清晰,形成模版后做綜合寫(xiě)作就像填空一樣,方便快捷也不容易漏掉聽(tīng)力的點(diǎn)。
首先3分鐘閱讀期間,你要盡可能快的從這三百個(gè)字左右的文章里提煉出各部分的核心內(nèi)容,在第一段獲得main idea文章主旨。之后一般會(huì)有三段閱讀,每一段的內(nèi)容和模式差不多是相同的。基本上都是supporting idea(用來(lái)支持main idea)和支持它的例子。
之后進(jìn)入聽(tīng)力部分,此時(shí)實(shí)際上你已經(jīng)知道聽(tīng)力會(huì)以什么樣的方式來(lái)反駁閱讀了:聽(tīng)力一定是針對(duì)閱讀中提出的main idea, supporting idea, evidence來(lái)一一反駁。聽(tīng)力部分的內(nèi)容是邏輯性,針對(duì)性很高的,閱讀里怎么證明它自己的分論點(diǎn)是對(duì)的,聽(tīng)力就會(huì)針對(duì)它提出的分論點(diǎn)以及支持的例證一個(gè)一個(gè)地反駁,反駁完了還會(huì)加上自己的例子來(lái)支持聽(tīng)力的主張。
閱讀部分要注意的是所提出的點(diǎn)要全,而聽(tīng)力則是越詳細(xì)越好。每寫(xiě)完一個(gè)分論點(diǎn)的段落后,末尾最好表述一下:“所以聽(tīng)力說(shuō)閱讀是錯(cuò)的”來(lái)體現(xiàn)了聽(tīng)力和閱讀的關(guān)系。
綜合寫(xiě)作的大體結(jié)構(gòu)如下:
既然是作文,就要有開(kāi)頭。開(kāi)頭要先點(diǎn)明topic,說(shuō)清楚閱讀在講什么,教授不同意,教授用三個(gè)點(diǎn)反駁。
接下來(lái)的三段,以第一段為例,內(nèi)容是閱讀分論點(diǎn)1+教授不同意+教授分論點(diǎn)1+教授的reason+教授的事例。如果聽(tīng)到了reason卻沒(méi)聽(tīng)懂事例,你就再把reason展開(kāi)解釋一遍,別按自己的猜測(cè)寫(xiě)事例,萬(wàn)一寫(xiě)錯(cuò)了,會(huì)倒扣分。
結(jié)尾和開(kāi)頭呼應(yīng),結(jié)構(gòu)一樣,也是閱讀總論點(diǎn)+教授不同意+教授成功反駁了閱讀。
此外還要注意綜合作文,人稱(chēng)只有第三人稱(chēng),絕對(duì)沒(méi)有第一第二人稱(chēng),教授的性別不要弄錯(cuò)。同時(shí)注意聽(tīng)力的內(nèi)容比閱讀內(nèi)容重要,聽(tīng)懂寫(xiě)全不要怕超字?jǐn)?shù),但是不能照搬閱讀和聽(tīng)力原文,要學(xué)會(huì)paraphrase,所以平時(shí)有空的話,可以積累一些多種表達(dá)的模式。
最后給大家?guī)讉€(gè)模板范例:
段一:
The reading passage states that ... , whereasthe listening believes that...
The reading passage and the lecture are mainly about whether…
While the passage indicates that…
the professor in the lecture holds an opposite view, claiming that…
The lecturer put forward counter contentions against (the theories in) the reading passage by providing distinct (explaintion to the) evidences, asserting that...
中間段:
To begin with, the reading insists that ...The speaker, however, argues that...
First, the author asserts that…/However, the lecturer refutes that…
The author claims that ..., which is considered untenable by the lecturer. Instead, the speaker points out the fact that .... Therefore, it is unlikely that...
Second, the writer mentions that…/Nevertheless, the speaker points out that…
Third, according to the passage, since…/On the other hand, the presenter states that…
Furthermore, the author of the readingclaims... In contrast, the professor suggests that...
Furthermore, contrary to the author's statement that ..., the lecturer argues that this case would never happen. Undoubtedly, .... Moreover, ....
Lastly, another argument raised in the lecture is that ..., and this directly contradicts what is stated in the passage. The speaker mentions ..
段四:
Finally, the writer displays that... On the contrary, the lecturerindicates that...
In sum, the contents in the reading passage that...are refuted down to the last point by the speaker.
二、獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作
獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作相較于綜合來(lái)說(shuō),套路少了很多。需要平時(shí)積累的表達(dá)和語(yǔ)料也相對(duì)多。建議大家每次寫(xiě)作的時(shí)候,不要光寫(xiě),要形成自己容易操縱的寫(xiě)作模式,比如開(kāi)頭的風(fēng)格,駁論的風(fēng)格,結(jié)尾的風(fēng)格等,在備考前確定下來(lái),考試時(shí)補(bǔ)充上論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)即可,這樣省時(shí)間也不容易出錯(cuò)。表達(dá)方面可以在平時(shí)練習(xí)時(shí),每次依據(jù)內(nèi)容選用幾個(gè)替換詞/句式套入進(jìn)去,然后在長(zhǎng)期練習(xí)中熟悉它們、并形成自己的用詞習(xí)慣。文章中語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤問(wèn)題建議同學(xué)們找老師給改一下,如果沒(méi)有條件的話可以到批改網(wǎng)上讓機(jī)器批改一下,不過(guò)批改網(wǎng)可能會(huì)挑出一些你沒(méi)錯(cuò)的地方,并且無(wú)法講解錯(cuò)誤點(diǎn)。
如果例子、語(yǔ)料比較豐富,那么可以采用分論點(diǎn)1、2、3的方式正面論證。當(dāng)然相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)想獲得高分需要在語(yǔ)言表達(dá)上有所提升。此外,應(yīng)用讓步轉(zhuǎn)折也是非常體現(xiàn)思路的一種結(jié)構(gòu)(但注意舉例不要跑題,并且不要自相矛盾、臨陣倒戈)。
讓步轉(zhuǎn)折的結(jié)構(gòu):第一段+讓步段+兩個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折段+結(jié)尾。讓步段的部分主要思路就是不應(yīng)該做A,因?yàn)闀?huì)影響B(tài),如果堅(jiān)持做A而不顧B的話,后果會(huì)很?chē)?yán)重,嚴(yán)重后果是什么,所以應(yīng)該B不應(yīng)該A。
給出一個(gè)讓步轉(zhuǎn)折的范例模版:
開(kāi)頭段:In contemporary society, much ink has beenspilled about......(題目改寫(xiě)),and some claim that... Such assertion, however, is torn to piecesby others. As far as I am concerned, the statement that...(題目改寫(xiě))isarbitrary and one-sided because it fails to take all the related circumstancesinto consideration. We should analyze this statement comprehensively before wedraw the eventual conclusion.
結(jié)尾段:In brief, based on the previous discussion,the issue...(改寫(xiě)題目)is complex and needs a case by case analysis. We are not supposed todisregard those situations where the statement is unjustifiable. As a result, Icannot totally agree with this statement.
再次重申,大家一定要注意形成自己的模版,并依據(jù)模版多加練習(xí)以不斷調(diào)整。各個(gè)話題分類(lèi)也最好都練習(xí)至少一篇文章,并且注意三選一題目、教育類(lèi)話題以及成功、品質(zhì)一類(lèi)的話題的練習(xí)。
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