2018考研英語知識點(diǎn)
2018考研正在備考中,那么英語有哪些知識點(diǎn)呢?接下來學(xué)習(xí)啦小編為你整理了2018考研英語知識點(diǎn),一起來看看吧。
2018考研英語知識點(diǎn):連接詞
一、連詞性連接詞(連詞)
連詞用來連接詞與詞、短語與短語或句子與句子。連詞不能單獨(dú)作句子成分,也沒有詞形變化。連詞分為并列連詞和從屬連詞兩種。
(一)并列連詞
并列連詞用來連接句子中擔(dān)任相同成分的詞、短語或分句。常見的有七個單詞和四個短語:and, but, or, for(因?yàn)?, nor, so, yet; both…and…, not only….but also…., either…or…., neither…nor
1. and用來連接詞、短語或分句,表示并列或?qū)ΨQ關(guān)系:
The man put on his coat and hat, and went out of the office. 那個人穿上外衣、戴上帽子,走出了辦公室。
A car and a dictionary are both useful. 汽車和字典都有用處。
I went home and John stayed there. 我回家了,而約翰呆在那里。
2. but連接兩個含義不同甚至相反的詞、短語或分句,表示轉(zhuǎn)折:
Not everybody is honest and hardworking, but Tom is. 并非每個人都跟湯姆一樣誠實(shí)肯干。
We tried to persuade her to do it but failed. 我們嘗試去說服她,但沒有成功。
3. or表示兩者居其一,表示選擇:
Which VCD player is better, this one or that one? 哪個VCD更好,這個還是那個?
Are you hungry or not? 你餓了沒有?
4 .for(因?yàn)?只能放在表示結(jié)過的分句后面,引導(dǎo)表示原因的分句:
I must be going, for it’s getting dark. 我必須走了,因?yàn)樘旌诹恕?/p>
He didn’t go there, for he was ill. 他沒到那兒去,因?yàn)樗×恕?/p>
5. both…and…只能用來連接兩個并列的詞或短語,不能連接句子:
His plan is both easy and practical. 他的計(jì)劃既容易又實(shí)用。
Zhang Yimou is a famous director both at home and abroad. 張藝謀是一位在國內(nèi)外都著名的導(dǎo)演。
Both this plane and its engines are made in China. 這架飛機(jī)的機(jī)身和發(fā)動機(jī)都是中國制造的。
6. not only…but also…不但能連接詞和短語,而且還能連接分句,also 有時省略(注意not only 位于句首時,主語和謂語需要倒裝):
He is not only an actor but also a writer. 他不僅是演員,而且是作家。
He not only read it but also remembered what he had read. 他不但讀過,而且記住了所有讀過的東西。
Not only did he say it but (also) he did it. 他不但說了,而且做了。(倒裝)
Not only do the nurses want a pay rise, but also they want reduced hours. 護(hù)士們不但要求加工資,而且還要求縮短工時。(倒裝)
7. either…or…表示選擇,“或者…或者…”、“不是….就是…”的意思(注意either…or…整個結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時句子中的動詞通常要和鄰近的主語相一致):
Either you are wrong, or I am. 不是你錯了,就是我錯了。
Either you or he is going to get the job. 不是你就是他將獲得這份工作。
Can I borrow either your car or your bike? 我可以借用你的汽車或者自行車嗎?
If you’re late, you should make an apology to the host either immediately or later. 如果遲到了,你應(yīng)該立即或事后向主人道歉。
8. neither…nor…表示“既不….又不…”的意思(注意neither…nor…整個結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時,句子中的謂語動詞通常要和鄰近的主語一致):
Neither the students nor I am ready yet. 學(xué)生們和我都還沒有準(zhǔn)備好。
He worked neither for fame nor for money. 他干工作既不圖名又不圖利。
The girl could neither speak nor write the language. 這個女孩既不會說也不會寫那種語言。
9. so(因此),引導(dǎo)表示結(jié)過的分句,原因分句在前(與for相反):
It’s getting dark, so I must be going. 天黑了,因此我得走了。
I had a headache, so I went to bed early last night. 我頭痛,于是昨晚很早就睡了。
10. yet (然而),有時和and 一起用,表示吃驚、表示轉(zhuǎn)折,相當(dāng)于but at the same time, however, nevertheless:
She’s a funny girl, yet you can’t help liking her. 她是個瘋瘋癲癲的女孩,然而你卻禁不住喜歡她。
He worked hard, yet he failed. 他很努力,然而卻失敗了。
It’s strange, yet it’s true. 這事有點(diǎn)怪,卻是真的。
It is only a little shop and yet it always has such lovely decorations. 那只是個小店,卻總是有漂亮的裝飾。
(二)從屬連詞:引導(dǎo)從句
1. 連詞that, if, whether,連接代詞what, which, who, whom, whose以及連接副詞how, when, why, where可用來引導(dǎo)名詞從句,充當(dāng)主語、表語、賓語等。非正式文體中的賓語從句常省略that:
I think (that) he’ll be back in an hour. 我認(rèn)為他一小時后就會回來。
Who they are doesn’t matter much. 他們是誰沒什么大關(guān)系。
Can you tell me where he is? 你能告訴我他在哪兒嗎?
He asked me if/whether I knew John. 他問我是否認(rèn)識約翰。
此外,that, which, who, whom, whose, when, why, where等還可以引導(dǎo)定語從句。
2. 連詞when, while, before, after, till/until, since, as soon as等引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句:
She said hello to me when she saw me. 她看到我的時候,和我打了招呼。
I’ll wait here until you come back. 我將在這里等你回來。
3. 連詞if, unless引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句;because, as, since引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句:
I’ll help her if she asks me to. 如果她要求我,我就幫助她。
I won’t help her unless she asks me to. 除非她要求我,否則我不會幫她。
He didn’t come because he was ill. 因?yàn)樗×?,所以沒來。
As he hasn’t appeared yet, we shall start without him. 既然他還沒有出現(xiàn),我們就先開始吧。
Since everybody is here, let’s begin. 既然大家都到了,咱們就開始吧。
4. 連詞in order than, so that引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句;so…that…引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句:
I locked the door in order that we might continue our discussions undisturbed. (=I locked the door in order to continue our discussions undisturbed.) 我把門鎖上了,以便我們可以繼續(xù)討論而不受打擾。
The car ran so fast that I couldn’t see who was in it. 汽車跑得那么快,我沒看清誰坐在里面。
5. 連詞than, as…as…, not as/so…as…用來引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句:
He is better educated than his brother. 他比他兄弟受的教育好。
He is as well educated as his brother. 他和他兄弟受的教育一樣好。
He is not as/so well educated as his brother. 他沒有他兄弟受的教育好。
6. 連詞although, though 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句;where, wherever 引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語從句:
I’ll go wherever you go. 不管你去哪兒,我就去那兒。
Though/Although she is rich, she’s not happy. 盡管她富有,但她并不幸福。
Stay where you are! 原地別動!
一般來說,連詞性質(zhì)的連接詞連接兩個分句或引導(dǎo)一個從句,兩個分句或主從復(fù)合句之間用逗號連接。
二、副詞性連接詞
副詞性質(zhì)的連接詞不能象連詞一樣分句或主從復(fù)合句之間用逗號連接。也就是說它們不能連接兩個分句或引導(dǎo)從句。它們引導(dǎo)的句子與前面的句子之間要用分號或句號,而它們與引導(dǎo)的句子之間往往用逗號。副詞性質(zhì)的連接詞在寫作中常常使用,主要分為以下幾類:
1. 表示順序的,如first, in the first place, then, finally, in the end等等,尤其要注意then:
誤:He graduated from college in 2003, then he found a job.
正:He graduated from college in 2003. Then he found a job.(=He graduated from college in 2003, and then he found a job.)
2. 表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的,如in addition, what is more, furthermore, moreover等。注意in addition 與in addition to 的區(qū)別:in addition 是副詞性質(zhì);而in addition to 是介詞性質(zhì),后面必須接賓語
3. 表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的,如 however, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the contrary, in contrast, 等等。要注意不要把however 當(dāng)成連詞:
誤:In 2003, the United States launched the war on Iraq on account of Iraq possessing weapons of mass destruction (WMD), however, no WMD has been found in Iraq so far.
正:In 2003, the United States launched the war on Iraq on account of Iraq possessing weapons of mass destruction (WMD). However, no WMD has been found in Iraq so far.
2018考研英語知識點(diǎn):It用法詳解
(一)it作句子的真正主語
1.it 指前面已經(jīng)提到過的人或事物,有時指心目中的或成為問題的人或事物,作真正主語。
例如:
What’s this? -It is a sheep? 這是什么??這是一只綿羊。
Who is it? -It’s me (I). 誰??是我。
It’s the wind shaking the window. 是風(fēng)刮得窗戶響。
2.it指時間、季節(jié)。一般用在無人稱動詞的主語。
例如:
What time is it? -It’s nine. 幾點(diǎn)了??九點(diǎn)了。
It’s time for the meeting. Let’s go. 開會的時間到了,我們走吧。
What day is today? -It’s Saturday. 今天星期幾??今天星期六。
What’s the date today? -It is October 1st.
今天是幾號? ?今天是十月一日。
What season is it? -It is summer. 現(xiàn)在是什么季節(jié)??是夏季。
3.it 指氣候。一般作無人稱動詞的主語。
例如:
Is it cold in this room? -No, it isn’t. 屋里冷嗎??不冷。
What’s the weather like today? -It is fine.
今天天氣怎么樣??是晴天。
It often rains in summer and it often snows in winter in this city.
這個城市夏天經(jīng)常下雨,冬天經(jīng)常下雪。
4.it指距離、情況等。一般用作無人稱動詞的主語。
例如:
It is five kilometers from my home to the school.
從我家到學(xué)校有五公里。
It is very near from this factory to that one.
從這個工廠到那個工廠非常近。
It is a long way to the sea. 離海很遠(yuǎn)。
Is it well with you? 你身體好嗎?
2018考研英語知識點(diǎn):虛擬語氣
現(xiàn)將虛擬語氣在條件句中的各種具體形式和用法分述如下:
1、對現(xiàn)在的虛擬,表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)時,條件狀語從句的謂語動詞用過去式(be的過去式用were.而主句中的謂語動詞用would (should, could, might) + 動詞原形。見下表:
條件狀語從句的動詞形式 | 主句的動詞形式 |
If+主語+動詞過去式(be的過去式were.在口語等非正式場合中,I,he,she,it等后面也可用was.但在IfIwereyou中,一定要用were,不能用was. |
I(we)should+動詞原形 主語+would(might,could)十動詞原形 |
2、對過去的虛擬,表示與過去的事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)時,條件狀語從句的謂語動詞用過去完成時,主句的謂語動詞用would (should, could, might)+過去分詞。見下表:
條件狀語從司的動詞形式 | 主句的動詞形式 |
If+主語+had+過去分詞 |
i(we)should+have+過去分詞 主語+could(might,could)+have+過去分詞 |
3、表示與將來事實(shí)相反的假設(shè),對將來表示懷疑,或?qū)淼膭幼鞑惶赡軐?shí)現(xiàn)時,條件狀語從句和主句的謂語動詞有以下形式:(見表)
條件狀語從句的動詞形式(三種) | 主句的動詞形式 |
(1)if十主語+動詞過去式(be的過去式用were),通常要與一個表示將來的時間狀語連用. (2)If+主語(任何人稱和數(shù))+should+動詞原形 (3)if+主語(任何人稱和數(shù))+wereto+動詞原形 |
I(we)should+動詞原形 主語+would(might,could)+動詞原形 |
4、當(dāng)條件狀語從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時間不一致時,動詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時間來調(diào)整。這與以上三種情況不同,虛擬語氣的謂語動詞形式?jīng)]有遵循以上規(guī)律。
5. 以上句型可以轉(zhuǎn)換成以下形式:
1)條件狀語從句省略if:在書面語中,如果條件狀語從句的謂語中有were, had 或should, 就可以省略if, 并將were, had 或should 放到句首,謂語主語之前,用 “Were/Had/Should + 主語”的形式。這種虛擬語氣在意義上與帶if 的條件狀語從句相同。當(dāng)然,如果從句沒有were, had, 或should,就不能省略if.
2)用介詞短語代替條件狀語從句。(可以改為條件狀語從句)。例如:
Without air, there would be no living things.
But for your help, I couldn’t have done it.
3)用其他方式代替條件狀語從句(可以改寫為條件狀語從句。)例如:
It would produce bad results to do that. 用動詞不定式 =If you did that/should do that, it would produce bad results.
6、虛擬語氣省略條件從句或主句
表示虛擬語氣的條件句的主句或從句有時可以省略,而省略部分的含義仍有所體現(xiàn)。
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