定語從句的用法講解
定語從句是高中英語的重要語法項目之一,它的結構和用法比較復雜。我們應從哪些方面有效地復習定語從句呢?下面就是小編給大家?guī)淼亩ㄕZ從句的用法講解,希望大家喜歡!
[定語從句的種類]
定語從句分為限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是句子不可缺少的部分,如去掉主句意思就不完整或失去意義;非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明,去掉也不會影響主句的意思。它與主句之間通常用逗號分開,一般不用that引導,關系詞不可省略。如:
This is the book that I want to read. (限制性)
Tom’s father, who arrived just now, is a famous scientist. (非限制性)
非限制性定語從句的先行詞成分可以是整個主句,非限制性定語從句常用which引導,修飾整個句子。定語從句的謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數。例如:
The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.
關系代詞引導的定語從句
關系代詞所指代的先行詞是表示人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分。關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句謂語動詞的人稱和數要和先行詞保持一致。
在定語從句中,who和that既可作主語又可作賓語,whom只可作賓語(作賓語時可以省略)。如:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you? (who/that在從句中作主語)
The man (whom/who/that) you spoke to just now is our English teacher. (whom/who/that在從句中作賓語,可省略)
[whose]
在定語從句中作定語,可用來指人或物,表示物時相當于“the+名詞+of+which”或“of+which+the+名詞”。如:John, whose wife is ill, can’t come to the party.
[which & that]
which和that指代的先行詞是表示事物的名詞或代詞,在定語從句中可作主語、賓語等。如:
Please show me the radio that/which you have just bought. (that/which在從句中作賓語,可省略)
This is the film that/which created a great sensation. (that/which在從句中作主語)
只能用that而不能用which的情況:
1. 先行詞是最高級或被最高級修飾時。如:This is the best dictionary that I’ve ever used.
2. 先行詞是序數詞或被序數詞修飾時。如:The first thing that we should do is to get some food.
3. 當先行詞是anything, everything, nothing, something, few, all, none, little, some等不定代詞時,或是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等詞修飾時。如:Tom told his father all that had happened.
There is little that I can do for you.
4. 先行詞既有人又有物時。如:They talked about the teachers and the schools that they knew.
5. 先行詞被the only,the very,the right等修飾時。如:This is the very book that I want to have.
6. 在which,who,whom引起的問句中,為避免重復。如:Who is the girl that talked to you yesterday?
7. 關系代詞在定語從句中作表語時。如:China is not the country that it was.
只能用which,不能用that的情況:
1. 在非限制性定語從句中。如:Beijing, which is the capital of China, has a very long histroy.
2. 在介詞后面,即“介詞+which(指物)”。如:This is the house in which we lived three years ago.
[as]
關系代詞as代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞, 在從句中作主語、賓語和表語。
as引導限制性定語從句時,常和such, the same, as(so)連用, 構成such ... as, the same ... as, as/so ... as等結構,在從句中可作主語、賓語和表語。如:
Don’t trust such men as praise you to your face. (在定語從句中作主語)
I have the same trouble as you have. (在定語從句作賓語)
It’s as pleasant a film as I have ever seen. (在定語從句作賓語)
但是當先行詞被the same修飾時,that也可以引導定語從句,但意義有所不同。the same ... as(指同樣或同類的), the same ... that(指同一個)。例如:
This is the same watch as I lost.
This is the same watch that I lost.
as也可單獨使用,引導非限制性定語從句,修飾整個主句或主句中的一部分,放在句首、句中或句末。如:
As is known to us all, smoking is harmful to one’s health. (指代整個主句,在從句中做主語)
He is late, as is often the case. (指代整個主句,在從句中做主語)
Light, as everybody knows, travels much faster than sound. (指代整個主句,在從句中做賓語)
as和which作關系代詞的用法比較:
which引導的非限定性定語從句只能放在主句之后,which指代前面的一個句子或主句中的某一成分;as引導的非限定性定語從句能放在主句之前、中、后,既可指前面已經提到的情況,也可指后面提到的情況。
as引導從句時,有“為人所熟知”的含義,which則沒有這層意思。as引導的從句往往表示的是一種附加說明,which引導的從句一般是較為重要的陳述。如:
His mother is ill, which makes him very sad.
As is expected, the England team won the football match.
[關系副詞引導的定語從句]
關系副詞when, where, why可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語, 相當于“介詞+which”結構。例如:
I’ll never forget the time when/during which we worked in the factory.
This is the village where /in which he was born.
I don’t know the reason why/for which she looks unhappy today.
[判定用關系代詞還是用關系副詞]
關系代詞與關系副詞的選用,應看先行詞在定語從句中充當什么成分:若作主語、賓語或定語,則用關系代詞who,whom,that,which,whose,as等;若作狀語, 就用where, when, why等關系副詞。如:
The reason why I’m writing is to tell you about a party on Sunday. (狀語)
The reason that/which he gave us sounded reasonable. (賓語)
Pisa is a city, which has a leaning tower. (主語)
Pisa is a city, where there is a leaning tower. (狀語)
[介詞+關系代詞]
當關系代詞作介詞賓語時,就出現了“介詞+關系代詞”的結構引導定語從句的現象。當先行詞指物時用“介詞+which”,指人時用“介詞+whom”,且關系代詞不能省略。而這種結構中較難解決的問題是介詞的選擇問題:
1. 介詞的確定可以根據整個句意來確定。
Oxygen is a kind of gas, without which we couldn’t live.
2. 介詞可以根據與先行詞的搭配來確定。
He gave me the book for which he paid a lot of money. (動詞與介詞搭配)
1949 was the year in which the P.R.C. was founded. (名詞與介詞搭配)
The snake, of which she used to be afraid, is her favorite animal now. (形容詞與介詞搭配)
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