完成時(shí)態(tài)高考知識(shí)點(diǎn)與late的辨析
完成時(shí)態(tài)高考知識(shí)點(diǎn)與late的辨析
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(Present perfect tense)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去,但與現(xiàn)在情況有關(guān)系,即用一個(gè)發(fā)生在過(guò)去的動(dòng)作來(lái)說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在的情況。小編在這里整理了相關(guān)資料,希望能幫助到您。
完成時(shí)態(tài)高考知識(shí)點(diǎn)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的基本概念和形式
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(Present perfect tense)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去,但與現(xiàn)在情況有關(guān)系,即用一個(gè)發(fā)生在過(guò)去的動(dòng)作來(lái)說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在的情況。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由動(dòng)詞have (has) + 過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的基本用法
1)表示動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成或剛完成,漢語(yǔ)常用"了"或"過(guò)"來(lái)表示。如:
I have finished my work.我把工作做完了。
We have set up many new factories in this area.我們?cè)谶@個(gè)地區(qū)建立了許多新工廠。
She has read all these books.她把這些書(shū)都讀完了。
2)動(dòng)作在過(guò)去完成,表示"經(jīng)驗(yàn)"或"結(jié)果"。漢語(yǔ)常用"過(guò)"來(lái)表示。如:
Have you ever seen the play The Doll's House? 你看過(guò)話劇《傀儡家庭》嗎?
Yes,I have seen it twice.我看過(guò)兩遍了。
I have learnt to drive.我學(xué)過(guò)開(kāi)車(chē)。
The man has lived in China.那人在中國(guó)住過(guò)。
[注] 注意be在下面句子中的意義。如:
Where have you been? -I've been to the laboratory.你上哪兒去了?--到實(shí)驗(yàn)室去了。
Have you ever been to Hangzhou? ―No,I've never been there.你到過(guò)杭州嗎?--沒(méi)到過(guò)。
How have you been?-I've been well thank you.你近來(lái)身體好嗎?--謝謝你,我近來(lái)很好。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與過(guò)去一般時(shí)的區(qū)別
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過(guò)去一般時(shí)都表示在過(guò)去完成的動(dòng)作,但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這一動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系,如對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果、影響等,而過(guò)去一般時(shí)則表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去,一般不表示和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。試比較:
1)I have lost my pen.我把鋼筆丟了。(意即還沒(méi)找到,現(xiàn)在我沒(méi)有筆用。)
She lost her pen yes today.她昨天把筆丟了。(筆是昨天丟的,現(xiàn)在找到與否,沒(méi)有說(shuō)明。)
2)I have been to the Agricultural Exhibition.我看過(guò)這個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)展覽會(huì)。(強(qiáng)調(diào)我知道它的內(nèi)容)
I went to the Agricultural Exhibition last week.我上周參觀了這個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)展覽會(huì)。(只說(shuō)明我上周參觀過(guò)展覽會(huì)這件事)
3) Who has opened the door? 誰(shuí)把門(mén)開(kāi)了?(現(xiàn)在門(mén)還開(kāi)著)
Who opened the door? 誰(shuí)開(kāi)的門(mén)?(指過(guò)去,與現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)?,F(xiàn)在門(mén)是關(guān)著還是開(kāi)著,沒(méi)有說(shuō)明。)
4) A:Have you had your lunch? 你吃過(guò)年飯沒(méi)有?(意即你現(xiàn)在不餓嗎?)
B:Yes,I have.吃了。(意即我現(xiàn)在飽了,不要再吃了。)
A:When did you have it 你什么時(shí)候吃的?(說(shuō)話人感興趣的是"吃"這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在什么時(shí)候。)
B:I had it about half an hour ago.我是大約半小時(shí)前吃的。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的其他用法
1)還可表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去,并且一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,甚至還可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去。這時(shí)常和since所引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)或從句或for引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)連用(for有時(shí)可以省去)。
How long have you been in Beijing ? -I have been in Beijing for four years.你在北京呆了多久?--我在北京呆了四年。
Isaac's father has been a school teacher since 1968. 艾薩克的父親從一九六八年以來(lái)就當(dāng)教師。
We haven't had a vacation for a long time.我們好久沒(méi)放假了。
Three years have passed since we left school.我們畢業(yè)已經(jīng)三年了。
[注]但在下面的句子中,主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以用現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)。如:
It is three years since I began to work on the state farm.我在國(guó)營(yíng)農(nóng)場(chǎng)工作已經(jīng)三年了。(美國(guó)英語(yǔ)用has been,下例同此)
It's a long time since I saw you last.好久沒(méi)見(jiàn)了。
2)在條件、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中表示將來(lái)完成的動(dòng)作。
I'll go with you when I have finished my home work,我做完作業(yè)后就和你一塊去。
We'll wait here until you have Written the letter.我們將在這里等你寫(xiě)完信。
Perhaps I'll know more English after I have learnt it for two years.我學(xué)完兩午后,懂的英語(yǔ)或許就會(huì)多些了。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)問(wèn)題
1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)說(shuō)明的是現(xiàn)在的情況,是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài),因此不能和表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)如yesterday,1asr month,three years ago,in l960等連用。這些時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)只能和過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)連用,表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作。但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可和表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的副詞just和before連用。如:
He has just come.他剛到。
We have seen the movie before,我們以前看過(guò)這個(gè)電影。
2)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常和表示不確定的時(shí)間的副詞already,never,ever,always,yet,not...yet,often等連用。如:
Have you ever been in a plane? 你坐過(guò)飛機(jī)嗎?
The new books have not arrived yet.新書(shū)還沒(méi)有到。
The Xisha lslands have always been Chinese territory.西沙群島一直是中國(guó)的領(lǐng)土。
Have you heard from him yet? 你接到他的信了嗎?
They have already finished their experiment.他們已經(jīng)做完試驗(yàn)了。
Many westerners have never seen a giant panda.許多西方人從沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)大熊貓。
We have often been to the Summer Palace.我們常到頤和園去玩。
3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以和包括"現(xiàn)在"在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,如now,today,this month,this year等。如:
We have planted many fruit trees this year.我們今年種了很多果樹(shù)。
Have you seen Benny today? 你今天見(jiàn)到本尼了嗎?
We've had a lot of rain this summer.今年夏天雨下得很多。
但如說(shuō)話人所感興趣的只是在這段時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生了某一動(dòng)作,而不是這一動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系時(shí),須用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。如:
The conference opened this month.會(huì)議是本月開(kāi)幕的。
Their farm set up a pumping station this year.他們農(nóng)場(chǎng)今年新修了一個(gè)抽水站。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可和疑問(wèn)副詞where,why,how連用,但通常不和疑問(wèn)副詞when連用
(when一般只與過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)連用)。如:
Where have you been? 你去哪兒了?(詢(xún)問(wèn)經(jīng)過(guò)情況。如說(shuō)Where did you go?則只問(wèn)地點(diǎn))
Why have you turned off the radio? 你干嗎把收音機(jī)關(guān)了?(強(qiáng)調(diào)和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系,意即收音機(jī)關(guān)著。如說(shuō)Why did you turn off the radio?則強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)收音機(jī)這一過(guò)去的動(dòng)作。)
過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)的基本概念和形式
過(guò)去完成時(shí)(past perfect tense)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)完成了的動(dòng)作。簡(jiǎn)言之,過(guò)去完成時(shí)所表示的時(shí)間就是"過(guò)去的過(guò)去"。過(guò)去完成時(shí)由助動(dòng)詞had + 過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。
過(guò)去完成時(shí)的用法
1)過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前業(yè)已完成的動(dòng)作。這個(gè)過(guò)去的時(shí)間可以用by,before等介詞短語(yǔ)或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示。如:
By the end of last week we had learned ten lessons.到上周末為止,我們已經(jīng)學(xué)了十課書(shū)。
He had learned some English before he came to the institute.他來(lái)學(xué)院之前學(xué)過(guò)一些英語(yǔ)。
I didn't go to the film because I had seen it twice.我沒(méi)去看電影,因?yàn)檫@片子我已看過(guò)兩次了。
When I had gone over my lessons I took a rest.我復(fù)習(xí)完功課之后,休息了一會(huì)兒。
I gave my little sister the flowers that I had bought for her.我把給妹妹買(mǎi)的花送給她。
In the exhibition he saw many oil paintings that he had never seen before.他在展覽廳里見(jiàn)到許多過(guò)去從未見(jiàn)過(guò)的油畫(huà)。
2)過(guò)去完成時(shí)可以表示由過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始,一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作,常和for(有時(shí)可以省去)或since構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)或since引導(dǎo)的從句連用。如:
It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months.在天旱了好幾個(gè)月之后,昨天下雨了。
By the I read his new book, I had known him for a long time.到我讀他的新書(shū)時(shí),我早就知道他了。
He said that great Changes had taken place in his hometown since,1980. 他說(shuō)7980年以來(lái)他的家鄉(xiāng)大變樣了。
[注]當(dāng)一個(gè)由when,before,after,as soon as等連詞引導(dǎo)的從句所表示的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)作緊接時(shí),兩個(gè)動(dòng)作均可用"一般過(guò)去時(shí)"來(lái)表示。如:
We had breakfast after we did morning exercises.做完早操后,我們吃早飯。
When I finished supper,I took a walk.我晚飯后就去散步。
The train started to move just before he reached the platform.他到月臺(tái)時(shí)火車(chē)剛開(kāi)走。
They started ploughing as soon as they got to the fields.他們一到地里就開(kāi)始耕地。
將來(lái)完成時(shí)的基本概念和形式
將來(lái)完成時(shí)(future perfect tense)表示在將來(lái)某一時(shí)間之前所完成的動(dòng)作。它的形式由shall(第一人稱(chēng))或will(第二、三人稱(chēng))加have再加過(guò)去分詞所構(gòu)成。美國(guó)英語(yǔ)一律用will。
將來(lái)完成時(shí)的用法
將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示在將來(lái)某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。如:
By the end of this week, I shall have finished the book.到本周末,我將讀完這本書(shū)。
By this time tomorrow they will have repaired the machine.明天這時(shí)候,他們將修好這臺(tái)機(jī)器。
The children will have gone to sleep by the time We get home.到我們回家時(shí),孩子們將已睡了。
When you come tonight at eight o'clock,I shall have written my paper.你今晚八點(diǎn)鐘來(lái)時(shí),我將會(huì)寫(xiě)完文章了。
By next year our teacher will have taught English for twenty years.到明年我們的老師將已教二十年英語(yǔ)了。
late的辨析
(1) late
A. 形容詞
?、龠t的,晚的
I was late for school. 我上學(xué)遲到了。
I was ten minutes late. 我遲到了十分鐘。
②晚期的, 末期的
in the late afternoon 在下午較晚的時(shí)候,傍晚
in the late sixties 六十年代后期
in the late 1990's/1990s 在二十世紀(jì)九十年代末期
He began the work in late May. 他在五月底開(kāi)始這項(xiàng)工作。
It is never too late to mend. [諺語(yǔ)] 改過(guò)不嫌晚。
③已故的;前任的
the late government 上屆政府
a late president 一位已故的總統(tǒng)
She was an admirer of the late president. 她欽佩前總統(tǒng)。
?、苄碌?/p>
some late news 一些新消息
B. 副詞
?、龠t地,晚地
Better late than never. [諺語(yǔ)] 遲做總比不做好。
I got up late. 我起晚了。
late in autumn 在深秋
?、谛陆罱?/p>
I saw him as late as yesterday. 直到昨天我還看見(jiàn)過(guò)他。
(2) later
A. 副詞
?、俸髞?lái)。可單獨(dú)使用,用于過(guò)去時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)。
Later the boy found his mother. 后來(lái)那個(gè)男孩找到了他的媽媽。
See you later. 再見(jiàn)!回頭見(jiàn)!
?、?...之后??煞旁跁r(shí)間段后,只用于過(guò)去時(shí)。
He arrived in London on Monday, two days later he left for New York.他星期一到了倫敦,兩天后他出發(fā)去紐約。
③為late的比較級(jí),意為“較晚地”。
The big stores are open later on Thursdays. 每逢星期四大商店開(kāi)門(mén)較晚。
B. 形容詞,為late的比較級(jí),意為“較晚的”。
the later comers 來(lái)的較晚的人
(3)latest
A. 形容詞
?、僮钚碌?/p>
the latest news 最新的消息
?、跒閘ate的最高級(jí),譯為“最晚的,最遲的”。
the latest comer 來(lái)得最遲的人
B. 副詞,為late的最高級(jí),譯為“最晚地,最遲地”。
come the earliest and leave the latest 來(lái)得最早,走得最晚
C. 名詞,譯為“最新消息、時(shí)裝”。
Have you heard the latest about the war? 你聽(tīng)到有關(guān)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的最新消息了嗎?
短語(yǔ):at the latest 最遲
I should be back by 11 o’clock at the latest. 我最遲11點(diǎn)回來(lái)。
(4)lately:副詞,與recently同義,通常用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),譯為“最近、近來(lái)”。
What have you been doing lately? 你最近在做什么?
He came as lately as last week. 他最近在上周來(lái)過(guò)。
(5)latter:adj.后面的,后者的(the former, the latter前者,后者)
The latter point is the most important.
后面提及的那一點(diǎn)是最重要的。
I prefer the former design to the latter.
比起后者的設(shè)計(jì)方案, 我更喜歡前者的。
【練習(xí)】用latter, late, later, latest或lately填空。
1. Better _____ than never.
2. Let's consider the question _______.
3. Of the two the _____ is better than the former.
4. Have you seen Peter _______?
5. Here is the _______ issue of China Daily.
6. The _______ part of the text is the most important.
【解析】
1. Better late than never. [諺語(yǔ)] 遲做總比不做好。答案為late 遲地。
2. 此句譯為:讓我們稍后考慮這個(gè)問(wèn)題。答案為later較遲地。
3. 此句譯為:這兩個(gè)問(wèn)題中,后者比前者更好。the former, the latter前者,后者為固定搭配,答案為latter。
4. 此句譯為:你最近見(jiàn)過(guò)彼得嗎? 答案為lately,最近。
5. 此句譯為:這是《中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)》最新的期刊。答案為latest,最新的。 6. 此句譯為:這個(gè)文本最后面的部分是最重要的。答案為late的最高級(jí)latest。
完成時(shí)態(tài)高考知識(shí)點(diǎn)與late的辨析相關(guān)文章:
1.高考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)知識(shí)點(diǎn):情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和虛擬語(yǔ)氣及英語(yǔ)作文結(jié)尾萬(wàn)能公式
4.九年級(jí)英語(yǔ)全冊(cè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)大匯總
5.英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)學(xué)習(xí):現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)時(shí)態(tài)講解