高一英語語法總結(jié)大全
高一英語語法總結(jié)大全
英語語法是傳承自小學(xué)三年級(jí)英語的知識(shí)，也就是說英語語法的重要性是顯示在所有的英語學(xué)習(xí)當(dāng)中的，所以我們必須在高一的時(shí)候也學(xué)好語法。小編在這整理了相關(guān)資料，希望能幫助到您。
句子成分
(Members of a Sentence)
現(xiàn)代漢語里一般的句子成分有六種，即主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)語。英語的基本成分有七種：主語(subject)、謂語(predicate)、表語(predicative)、賓語(object)、定語(attribute)、狀語(adverbial)和補(bǔ)語(complement)。
一個(gè)完整的英語句子，至少由兩部分組成(祁使句除外)——主語和謂語。主語是一個(gè)句子敘述的主體，表明這句話描述的是什么，謂語則用以說明主語的情況，它在人稱和單復(fù)數(shù)形式上應(yīng)與主語保持一致。
除了主語和謂語，句子有時(shí)還需要其他的成分，如用在系動(dòng)詞后表明主語性質(zhì)，特征，狀態(tài)或身份的表語，用在及物動(dòng)后，表示行為對(duì)象或結(jié)果的賓語，修飾或限定名詞或代詞的定語，修飾動(dòng)詞形容詞副詞介詞短語或全句的狀語以及對(duì)一個(gè)名詞或代詞作進(jìn)一步解釋的同位語等。
英語五種基本句型列式如下：
一：SV(主+謂)
二：SVP(主+系+表)
三：SVO(主+謂+賓)
四：SVoO(主+謂+間賓+直賓)
五：SVOC(主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ))
基本句型一：SV(主+謂)
主語：可以作主語的成分有名詞(如boy)，主格代詞(如you)，數(shù)詞，名詞化的形容詞，動(dòng)詞不定式，動(dòng)名詞或從句。主語一般在句首。注意名詞單數(shù)形式常和冠詞不分家!
謂語：謂語由動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成，是英語時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)變化的主角，一般在主語之后。不及物動(dòng)詞(vi.)沒有賓語，形成主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，如：We come.
此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)，即句子的謂語動(dòng)詞都能表達(dá)完整的意思，不能再接對(duì)象(即賓語)，這類動(dòng)詞叫做不及物動(dòng)詞，后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等作狀語。
S│ V(不及物動(dòng)詞)
1. The moon │rose. 月亮升起了。
2. The universe │remains. 宇宙長存。
3. We all │breathe, eat, and drink. 我們大家都呼吸、吃和喝。
4. Who │cares? 管它呢?
5. What he said │does not matter. 他所講的沒有什么關(guān)系。
6. They │talked for half an hour. 他們談了半個(gè)小時(shí)。
7. The pen │writes smoothly 這支筆書寫流利。
基本句型二：SVP(主+系+表)
系動(dòng)詞分三類：1)表示人或事物的身份特征或狀態(tài):appear, be, feel , look, seem, smell,sound, taste。例如look well/面色好,sound nice/聽起來不錯(cuò),feel good/感覺好，smell bad/難聞，taste good/嘗起來不錯(cuò);
表示狀態(tài)的變化：become,come,fall,go,get, grow, turn,prove等;例如become cold/變冷，go grey/變灰白, (dreams) come true/(夢(mèng)想)實(shí)現(xiàn);
3)表示某種狀態(tài)的延續(xù)或持續(xù)：continue，remain, stay, keep 等。例如keep silent/保持沉默，stay fine/仍然很好。
注意：be本身沒有什么意義,只起連系主語和表語的作用。其它系動(dòng)詞仍保持其部分詞義。
表語通常由名詞n.代詞pron.形容詞adj.數(shù)詞，副詞adv.介詞短語prep.phr.，動(dòng)詞不定式to-do，現(xiàn)在分詞，或從句等擔(dān)任。
S│V(系動(dòng)詞)│P
1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary. 這是本英漢辭典。(n.)
2. The dinner │smells │good. (adj.) 午餐的氣味很好。
3. The trouble│is │that they are short of money. 麻煩的是他們?nèi)鄙馘X。(句子，表語從句)
4. Our well │has gone │dry. 我們井干枯了。
5.The war was over. 戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束了。(adv.)
6. He seemed to know the truth.他似乎知道真相。(動(dòng)詞不定式)
7. He is out of condition. 他身體情況不太好。(介詞短語)
8. Time is pressing. 時(shí)間緊迫。(現(xiàn)在分詞)
9. Who was the first? 誰第一?(數(shù)詞)
There be 結(jié)構(gòu)：There be 表示‘存在有’。這里的there沒有實(shí)際意義，不可與副詞‘there那里’混淆。 此結(jié)構(gòu)后跟名詞，表示‘(存在)有某事物’
There is a boy there.(那兒有一個(gè)男孩。)/前一個(gè)there無實(shí)意，后一個(gè)there為副詞‘那里’。
基本句型三：SVO(主+謂+賓)
此句型句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：謂語動(dòng)詞都具有實(shí)義，都是主語產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)作，但不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須跟有一個(gè)賓語，即動(dòng)作的承受者，才能使意思完整。這類動(dòng)詞叫做及物動(dòng)詞。賓語位于及物動(dòng)詞之后，一般同主語構(gòu)成一樣，不同的是構(gòu)成賓語的代詞必須是‘代詞賓格’，如：me，him，them等
S│V(及物動(dòng)詞)│O
1. Who │knows │the answer? 誰知道答案?
2. He │has refused │to help them. 他拒絕幫他們。
3. They │ate │what was left over. 他們吃了剩飯。
4. I │want │to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。
5. He │admits │that he was mistaken. 他承認(rèn)犯了錯(cuò)誤。
基本句型四：SVoO(主+謂+間賓+直賓)
有些及物動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語，如：give給，pass遞，bring帶，show顯示。賓語包括直接賓語(動(dòng)作的承受者或結(jié)果，一般指物)和間接賓語(表示動(dòng)作是誰做的，或?yàn)檎l做的，一般指認(rèn))。
e.g. They offered me the job.他們把那份工作給了我。
S│V(及物)│o(多指人)│ O(多指物)
1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress. 她給自己定了一套新衣裳。
2. She │cooked │her husband │a delicious meal.她給丈夫煮了一頓美餐。
3. He │brought │you │a dictionary. 他給你帶來了一本字典。
4. He │denies │her │nothing. 他對(duì)她什么都不拒絕。
5. I │showed │him │my pictures. 我給他看我的照片
6. I │gave │my car │a wash. 我洗了我的汽車。
7. I │told │him │that the bus was late. 我告訴他汽車晚點(diǎn)了。
8. He │showed │me │how to run the machine. 他教我開機(jī)器。
間接賓語一般位于直接賓語之前。一般的順序?yàn)椋簞?dòng)詞+間接賓語+直接賓語。如：Give me a cup of tea, please.
注意：間接賓語在下列情況下?？梢愿臑橐粋€(gè)由to或for引起的短語。
1)當(dāng)直接賓語是一個(gè)人稱代詞時(shí)
Give it to me. 把它給我。(試比較：Give me the book.)
I’ll order it for you. 我給你點(diǎn)菜。(試比較：I ordered us three dishes.)
2)需對(duì)間接賓語加以強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)
I've bought this book for you, not for myself.
常用的接雙賓語的動(dòng)詞有1)介詞用to的: give, show, send, bring, offer, read, pass, lend, hand, tell, return, write, pay, throw, allow, wish, teach, fetch等; 2) 介詞用for的: make, do, spare, order, cook, sing, buy, find, get等。
基本句型五：SVOC(主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ))
此句型的句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞，但是只跟一個(gè)賓語還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來補(bǔ)足賓語，才能使意思完整。
賓語補(bǔ)足語：位于賓語之后對(duì)賓語作出說明的成分。賓語與其補(bǔ)足語有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，它們一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。能作賓補(bǔ)的有：名詞，形容詞，介詞短語，不定式短語，分詞短語，副詞等。例如：
1)名詞/代詞賓格+名詞
The war made him a soldier./戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)使他成為一名戰(zhàn)士.
2)名詞/代詞賓格+形容詞
New methods make the job easy./新方法使這項(xiàng)工作變得輕松.
3)名詞/代詞賓格+介詞短語
I often find him at work./我經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)他在工作.
4)名詞/代詞賓格+動(dòng)詞不定式
The teacher ask the students to close the windows./老師讓學(xué)生們關(guān)上窗戶.
5)名詞/代詞賓格+分詞
I saw a cat running across the road./我看見一只貓跑過了馬路.
6)名詞/代詞賓格+副詞
Please keep the dog out.
S│V(及物)│O(賓語)│ C(賓補(bǔ))
1. They │appointed │him │manager. 他們?nèi)蚊?dāng)經(jīng)理。
2. They │painted │the door │green. 他們把門漆成綠色
3. This │set │them │thinking. 這使得他們要細(xì)想一想。
4. They │found │the house │deserted. 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)那房子無人居住。
5. What │makes │him │think so? 他怎么會(huì)這樣想?
6. We │saw │him │out. 我們送他出去
7. He │asked │me │to come back soon. 他要我早點(diǎn)回來。
8. I │saw │them │getting on the bus. 我看見他們上了那輛公共汽車。
但常用的英語句子并不都象基本句型這樣簡(jiǎn)短，這些句子除了基本句型的成分不變外，通常是在這些成分的前面或后面增加一些修飾語(modifier)而加以擴(kuò)大。這些修飾語可以是單詞(主要是形容詞、副詞和數(shù)詞)，也可以是各種類型的短語(主要是介詞短語、不定式短語和分詞短語)。我們稱之為：定語、狀語
一、定語：定語是對(duì)名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，漢語中常用‘……的’表示。
定語通常位于被修飾的成分前。若修飾some, any, every, no構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)，(如：something、nothing);或不定式、分詞短語作定語、從句作定語時(shí)，則定語通常置后。副詞用作定語時(shí)須放在名詞之后。
形容詞作定語：
The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修飾名詞boy;blue修飾名詞pen.)/小男孩需要一支蘭色的鋼筆。
Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是個(gè)英俊的男孩。
數(shù)詞作定語相當(dāng)于形容詞：
Two boys need two pens./兩個(gè)男孩需要兩支鋼筆。
There are two boys in the room./房間里有兩個(gè)男孩。
代詞或名詞所有格作定語：
The boy needs Tom\'s pen./他的男孩需要Tom的鋼筆。
His name is Tom./他的名字是湯姆。
介詞短語作定語：
The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支鋼筆。
The boy in blue is Tom./穿蘭色衣服的孩子是湯姆。
There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有兩個(gè)9歲的，三個(gè)10歲的男孩。
名詞作定語：
The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圓珠筆。
He works in a trade company。 他在一家貿(mào)易公司上班。
副詞作定語：
The boy there needs a pen./那兒的男孩需要一支鋼筆。
She meet her English teacher on her way home .
不定式作定語：
The boy to write this letter needs a pen./寫這封信的男孩需要一支鋼筆。
There is nothing to do today./今天無事要做。
分詞(短語)作定語：
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那個(gè)微笑的男孩需要一支他媽媽買的鋼筆。
The pen bought by her is made in China./她買的筆是中國產(chǎn)的。
There are five boys left./有五個(gè)留下的男孩。
定語從句：
The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那個(gè)在閱讀的男孩需要你昨天買的鋼筆。
The boy you will know is Tom./你將認(rèn)識(shí)的男孩叫湯姆。
There are five boys who will play the game./參加游戲的男孩有五個(gè)。
二、狀語：
狀語修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或全句，說明方式、因果、條件、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、讓步、方向、程度、目的等。
狀語在句子中的位置很靈活，常見情況為：
通常在句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)之后，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)放在句首;
修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí)，通常位于被修飾的詞之前;
3)表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、目的的狀語一般位于句子兩頭，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)放在句首，地點(diǎn)狀語一般須在時(shí)間狀語之前(如果修飾同一個(gè)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)間狀語或地點(diǎn)狀語不止一個(gè)，則一般按照“由小到大”排列);
e.g. He arrived here at about ten o’clock yesterday morning.
she lived in a small village in the north.
4)一些表示不確定時(shí)間(如：often)或程度(如：almost)的副詞狀語通常位于be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后，動(dòng)詞之前
副詞(短語)作狀語：
The boy needs a pen very much./男孩非常需要一支鋼筆。(程度狀語)
The boy needs a pen now./ Now, the boy needs a pen./ The boy, now, needs a pen./男孩現(xiàn)在需要一支鋼筆。(時(shí)間狀語)
介詞短語作狀語：In the classroom, the boy needs a pen./在教室里，男孩需要一支鋼筆。(地點(diǎn)狀語)
Before his mother, Tom is always a boy./在母親面前,湯姆總是一個(gè)男孩子.(條件狀語)
On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom./星期天,教室里沒有學(xué)生.(時(shí)間狀語)
分詞(短語)作狀語：
He sits there, asking for a pen./他坐在那兒要一支筆。(表示伴隨狀態(tài))
Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen./因?yàn)椴坏貌煌瓿勺鳂I(yè)，男孩需要一支筆。(原因狀語)
Frightened, he sits there soundlessly./(因?yàn)?受了驚嚇，他無聲地坐在那兒。(原因狀語)
不定式作狀語：
The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一支筆寫家庭作業(yè)。(目的狀語)
To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business./為實(shí)現(xiàn)夢(mèng)想,湯姆變得對(duì)商業(yè)很有興趣.
名詞作狀語：
Come this way!/走這條路!(方向狀語)
狀語從句：
時(shí)間狀語從句、地點(diǎn)狀語從句、原因狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句、目的狀語從句、比較狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、條件狀語從句
三、同位語：同位語是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞對(duì)前者加以說明的成分，近乎于后置定語。如：
We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位語，都是指同一批‘學(xué)生’)
You Chinese eat dumplings at the Spring Festival.
獨(dú)立成分：
有時(shí)句子中會(huì)有一些與句子沒有語法聯(lián)系的成分，稱為句子獨(dú)立成分(注意：區(qū)別于分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu))。
感嘆詞：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。
肯定詞yes
否定詞no
稱呼語：稱呼人的用語。
插入語：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。
如: The story,I think,has never come to the end./我相信,這個(gè)故事還遠(yuǎn)沒結(jié)束.
情態(tài)詞,表示說話人的語氣(多作為修飾全句的狀語):perhaps也許,maybe大概,acturely實(shí)際上,certainly當(dāng)然，等。
五、分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)：
分詞作狀語時(shí)其邏輯主語與句子的主語一致!否則應(yīng)有自己的邏輯主語，構(gòu)成分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。
錯(cuò)句：Studying hard,your score will go up.
正確：(1) Studying hard,you can make your score go up.
或 (2)If you study hard,your score will go up.
Game (being) over,he went home.
He stands there,book (being) in hand.
獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)還可用with、without引導(dǎo)，作狀語或定語。這種結(jié)構(gòu)不但可以用分詞，還可以用不定式、形容詞、介詞短語、副詞或名詞等。
如：Without anything to do, he fell asleep soon./無事可做，他很快就睡著了。
The teacher came in, with glasses on his nose./老師進(jìn)來了，戴著一付眼鏡。
練習(xí)
(一).指出下列句中主語的中心詞(4分，4分鐘)
① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.
?、?There is an old man coming here.
③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
?、?To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.
(二)選出句中謂語的中心詞(10分，10分鐘)
?、?I don't like the picture on the wall.
A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall
?、?The days get longer and longer when summer comes.
A. get B. longer C. days D. summer
③ Do you usually go to school by bus?
A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus
?、?There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.
A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon
⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?
A.Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast
?、轙om didn't do his homework yesterday.
A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework
?、?What I want to tell you is this.
A. want B. to tell C. you D. is
?、?We had better send for a doctor.
A. We B. had C. send D. doctor
(三)挑出下列句中的賓語(10分，10分鐘)
?、?My brother hasn't done his homework.
?、?People all over the world speak English.
③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
?、?How many new words did you learn last class?
⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?
(四)挑出下列句中的表語(5分，5分鐘)
① The old man was feeling very tired.
?、?Why is he worried about Jim?
③ The leaves have turned yellow.
?、?Soon They all became interested in the subject.
⑤ She was the first to learn about it.
(五)挑出下列句中的定語(6分，6分鐘)
?、?They use Mr, Mrs with the family name.
?、?What is your given name?
?、?On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.
?、?I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
?、?The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
⑥ I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!
(六)挑出下列句中的賓語補(bǔ)足語(6分，6分鐘)
① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
?、?He asked her to take the boy out of school.
?、?She found it difficult to do the work.
?、?They call me Lily sometimes.
⑤ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.
?、?Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?
(七)挑出下列句中的狀語(8分，8分鐘)
?、?There was a big smile on her face.
② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
?、?He began to learn English when he was eleven.
?、?The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.
⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.
?、?She loves the library because she loves books.
⑦ I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it.
?、?The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.
(八)劃出句中的直接賓語和間接賓語(5分，5分鐘)
?、?Please tell us a story.
② My father bought a new bike for me last week.
?、?Mr Li is going to teach us history next term.
④ Here is a pen.Give it to Tom.
?、?Did he leave any message for me?
句子成分練習(xí)題( 三 )
1、 ___ six years since I began to study English.
A. It is B. I have been C. There are D. It was
2 、___ in the room at that time.
A. Nobody was B. Someone were C. Who is D. He are
3 、IT'S very noisy outside. ___ is going on?
A. Who B. What C. Which D. Where
4、 ___ in English in class every day is important.
A. Speak B. Talking C. Saying D. To tell
5 、There must be____ near the factory.
A. a book store B. book store C. books store D. books stores
6 、Although it's raining hard, ___ are still working in the fields.
A. but they B. and they C. they D. since they
1、 The doctor as well as the nurses ___ great concern for the patients.
A. show B. shows C. have shown D. are showing
2、 Your son must be a clever boy, ___ he?
A. is B. isn't C. must D. mustn't
3、 The computer center, ___ last year, is very popular among students in this school.
A. open B. opening C. opened D. being opened
4 、I ___ go to the shop today, for there is a lot of food at home.
A. mustn't B. had to C. can't D. needn't
5 、Don't ___ excited.
A. get B. is C. seem D. look
6 This room ___ every morning.
A. is cleaning B. is cleaned C. cleans D. cleaning
1、 Glad to meet you! ___ is your full name?
A. What B. Where C. How D. Who
2、 He is ___ to lift the heavy box.
A. too weak B. weak tooC. enough weak D. weak enough
3、 The days are ___ warmer and warmer in spring.
A. getting B. looking C. seeming D. going
4 、His job is____English.
A. teach B. to teach C. taught D. teaches
5 、Two balls are___.
A. under the desk B. in the wall C. to here D. at desks
1 、We should get ready___ others.
A. helping B. to help C. help D. help with
2、 ___interesting work we are doing?
A. What a B. How C. What D. What an
3、 I want___ a teacher when I grow up .
A. to be B. to C. be D. being
4、 -Would you like to go on a picnic with me today?
-I don't think so. To be honest, I really don't feel like___on a
picnic.
A. going B. to go C. go D. went
5 Do you know___?
A. where does he live B. where he lives
C. where he live D. if where he lives
6 Let ____ do it again.
A. I B. me C. he D. she
7 I don't know___.
A. how to do B. what to do C. where to do D. when to do
1、 I saw him ___ basketball with Jack an hour ago.
A. plays B. to play C. played D. play
2、 Sorry, we've kept you___ for a long time.
A. waited B. sing C. stand D. waiting
3 、The teacher told us ____ late again.
A. aren't be B. don't be C. not to be D. not be
4 、We find the room very___.
A. warm B. warmly C. terribly D. hardly
1 、I found ___ difficult to work together with him.
A. it B. its C. that D. those
2 、We all know ___ our duty to clean our classroom after school every day.
A. that B. this C. which D. it
3、 He found ___ very interesting to play with the little dog.
A. what B. it C. / D. that
G
( ) 1 Tom said he ___ a good dream yesterday evening.
A. dream B. dreamed C. have D. has
( ) 2 Children ___ a happy life in China.
A. lead B. living C. has D. leading
( ) 1 America, Japan and Canada are___countries.
A. developing B. developed C. less developed D. develop
( ) 2 -___ skirt is that on the chair?
-Let me see. Oh, no, it's not mine.
A. Whose B. What C. Who's D. Which
( ) 3 Do you have anything ___?
A. saying B. to say C. said D. say
( ) 4 Look, there is an___tree by the wall.
A. apple B. apple's C. apples' D. apples
( ) 5 Where is____seat?
A. yours B. your C. you D. yourselves
( ) 1 The box is ___ heavy for her ___ carry.
A. very; to B. too; not to
C. too; to D. very too; to
2 -___ did you buy the new bag?
-Last Monday.
A. Where B. How C. When D. Who
3 You can see these signs in a hospital. ___ can you see them?
A. Where else B. Where place else
C. Where else place D. Else where
4 They went out ___ their old friends.
A. visit B. visiting C. to visit D. visited
5 There is a wide river____ our village.
A. outside B. over C. from D. below
1 The young man, ___ works in the office.
A. me brother B. my brother C. my brothers D. me
2 Our English teacher, ___ often helps us with study.
A. Mrs Wang B. Mrs5 WangC. MrsWang's . D. of him
3 ___, some railway workers are busy repairing the train.
A. Them B. He C. They D. Theirs
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