初三的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)大全

時(shí)間：2024-02-19 03:49:45 舒淇0由分享

許多英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者在實(shí)踐中積累了豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn),探討了很多有效的方法。下面小編為大家?guī)?lái)初三的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)大全，希望對(duì)您有幫助，歡迎參考閱讀!

初三英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)

下面這則廣告中的形容詞“irresistable”里的后綴( suffix)不對(duì)，應(yīng)該把“-able”改為“-ible”：

“We offer: competitive monthly salary, weekly incentives, attractive transport allowance, incentive trips and irresistable performance bonus.”

到底是“-able”，還是“-ible”?這兩者有何不同?

現(xiàn)在先從形容詞的其他后綴談起。

形容詞后綴分兩大類(lèi)。一類(lèi)是加到名詞上的;另一類(lèi)是加到動(dòng)詞上的。

㈠加到名詞上的主要有：① -y，如：bloody, dirty, healthy, juicy, muddy; ② -ly，如：costly, friendly, lovely, orderly, timely;③ -ful，如：careful, faithful, helpful, peaceful, useful;④ -less，如：careless, harmless, noiseless, senseless, useless;⑤ -ous/-ious，如：dangerous; courageous, envious, mysterious;⑥ -al/-tal/-ial/-tial，如：accidental, horizontal, colonial, influential;⑦ -ic/-etic/-atic，如：artistic, sympathetic, systematic;⑧ -ish，如：childish, foolish, selfish;⑨ -like，如： life-like, business-like, war-like;⑩ -ed/-en，如：skilled, horned, golden, wooden.

㈡加到動(dòng)詞上的有：① -ent/-ant，如：dependent, different, observant, pleasant;② -able/-ible，如： agreeable, comfortable, defensible, sensible;③ -ive/-tive/-ative/-itive，如：active, attentive, imaginative, sensitive;④ -ed/-en，如：advanced, noted, stolen, swollen;⑤ -ing，如：annoying, disgusting, entertaining.

-able/ible 出現(xiàn)在第二類(lèi)后綴中，“-able”后綴的形容詞屬英語(yǔ)體系的字：“-ible”后綴的形容詞則來(lái)自拉丁體系。前者數(shù)量大，后者數(shù)量少，主要的是下面這些，可以特別留意：

accessible, apprehensible, audible, compatible, contemptible, convertible, corrigible, destructible, digestible, divisible, defensible, edible, eligible, exhaustible, fallible, feasible, flexible, forcible, horrible, illegible, intelligible, negligible, perceptible, possible, responsible, resistible, sensible, suspectible, tangible, terrible, visible.

現(xiàn)在順便把名詞、動(dòng)詞和副詞主要后綴提出，作為參考：

⑴名詞后綴

-ment, -t, -ture, -ion/-ition, -al, -ance, -ent, -er, -ant 等。這些名詞后綴都要加到適當(dāng)?shù)膭?dòng)詞上，如：arrangement, restraint, fixture, celebration, extension, competition, renewal, assistance, resident, exporter, attendant.

-ness, -y/-ty/-ity, -th, -ce/-cy 等，可以加到適當(dāng)?shù)男稳菰~上如：darkness, kindness, honesty, loyalty, simplicity, truth, warmth, importance, absence, ungency, efficiency.

⑵動(dòng)詞后綴：

加到名詞上的有 -en, -ise/-ize, -fy, -ate，如：frighten, apologise, beautify, motivate.

加到形容詞上的有 -ise/-ize, -en，如：modernise, realise, brighten, weaken.

⑶副詞后綴：

-ly，可以加到形容詞和某些名詞上，如：beautifully, clearly, leisurely, weekly.

每個(gè)后綴都有一定的意思，但不能脫離詞根獨(dú)立生存，這點(diǎn)要特別注意，以免犯錯(cuò)。

初三英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

名詞的誤用，特別是代名詞的數(shù)和所指引的主語(yǔ)的數(shù)不符，使得后頭謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的.數(shù)也跟著出差錯(cuò)，真是差之毫厘，失之千里，不可不察。

這里要指出一些方向，以避免因代名詞的錯(cuò)誤而使句子的意思模糊不清。

怎樣避免代名詞的錯(cuò)誤呢?

㈠不要用同個(gè)代名詞指引兩個(gè)性別一樣的名詞，如：

① Mr Li told Mr Lin that he was wrong.

這里的 he 既可指林先生，也可指李先生，含糊不清。應(yīng)該改為 ②或③：

② Mr Li said to Mr Lin, "I am wrong."

③ Mr Li said to Mr Lin, "You are wrong."

㈡避免把代名詞和它所指引的名詞隔開(kāi)太遠(yuǎn)，如：

④ The man leaned over the bench for hours working on the plan. It was too low to be comfortable.

這里的代詞 it 離開(kāi)名詞 the bench 太遠(yuǎn)，結(jié)果關(guān)系不清楚，因?yàn)樵谖恢蒙?，它更適合指引 the plan.在這種情況下，只好避開(kāi) it，而用名詞，即 the bench.

㈢避免濫用指示代詞“this, that”或關(guān)系代詞“who, which, that”泛指上文的內(nèi)容。例如：

⑤ Tom's brother is an accountant, and this is the profession everyone envies."

這里的 this 指“accountant”?！皶?huì)計(jì)師”是一種專(zhuān)業(yè)人士，和后頭的“專(zhuān)業(yè)”(profession)并不相稱(chēng)，因此要把 this 改為 accountancy(會(huì)計(jì)工作)，才合句子的意思。

⑥ The profit from the business was large, which I realised sometime later.

這里的“which I realised sometime later”是句形容詞分句，應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)在先行詞后面，不應(yīng)該脫離出來(lái)而獨(dú)立。如果要用它來(lái)修飾全句話(huà)，更不合邏輯，應(yīng)該改為⑦或⑧：

⑦ I realised sometime later that the profit from the business was large.(主句 + 名詞分句)

⑧ The profit from the business was large. I realised this (matter) sometime later.(單句 + 單句)

㈣避免用代名詞“they, you, it”影射腦子里的事物，如：

⑨ In Singapore, it relies heavily on tourism as a source of national revenue.

這里的 it 指向什么呢?如果是心目中的“政府”或“旅游促進(jìn)局”，那就要明言，不要用不清不楚的 it：

⑩ In Singapore, the government……

In Singapore, the Tourist Promotion Board……

In less industrialised countries, they do not know the problems of urban development.

這里的代名詞 they 是不是指 the people(人民)?如果是就用吧。In less industrialised countries, the people……過(guò)后，要再提這主語(yǔ)時(shí)，才用 they：……the people……They are only interested in their daily life.

其實(shí)，在這種主語(yǔ)不詳?shù)那闆r下，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是最好的選擇：

In less industrialised countries, the problems of urban development are not known.

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞

主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)比被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)直接而有力，多用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，可以使文章充滿(mǎn)朝氣，呈現(xiàn)活力。在下列兩組句子中， (b)比(a)有力：

(1) a.My first visit to New Zealand will always be remembered by me.

b. I will always remember my first visit to New Zealand.

(2) a.The crowing of cocks could be heard at dawn.

b. The cocks' crow came with dawn.

雖然如此，在某些情況下，非用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)不可。前此已提過(guò)這事，這里不再重述。這里只有指出其中一點(diǎn)，就是有些動(dòng)詞，如 "base, schedule, expect, suppose" 等，通常以被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式出現(xiàn)。

例如：

(1)This survey was based on facts.

(2)The last train is scheduled to leave at 9pm.

(3)You are expected to come on time.

(4)All are supposed to work hard.

除了上述這些動(dòng)詞之外，還有十種，幾乎都以被動(dòng)式出現(xiàn)。

(一)有關(guān)“疾病”的動(dòng)詞，如：

(1)Helen's left lung is infected.

(2)He is confined to the house by illness.

(3)The old man was seized with sudden chest pains.

(二)有關(guān)“疲乏”的動(dòng)詞，如：

(4) I am completely exhausted after the game.

(5)Tom was done up after the race.

(三)有關(guān)“喜樂(lè)”的動(dòng)詞，如：

(6)The children were fascinated by the toys.

(7)We were delighted to hear the good news.

(8) I am very pleased to see you here.

(四)有關(guān)“延遲”或“障礙”的動(dòng)詞，如：

(9)The workers were held up by the heavy rain.

(10)The road was blocked by ice.

(11)The train was delayed by 30 minutes.

(五)有關(guān)“慣性動(dòng)作”的動(dòng)詞，如：

(12)Tom is addicted to smoking.

(13)Foreign workers are quite used to hard work.

(六)有關(guān)“煩惱”或“焦急”的動(dòng)詞，如：

(14)Who was upset by John?

(15)Mother was annoyed to know this.

(七)有關(guān)“驚奇”或“震驚”的動(dòng)詞，如：

(16) I was surprised to see him here.

(17)All were shocked to hear the bad news.

(八)有關(guān)“包圍”的動(dòng)詞，如：

(18)The troops were surrounded.

(19)Troy was besieged.

(九)有關(guān)“沾污”或“污化”的動(dòng)詞，如：

(20)Judy's reputation is tarnished.

(21)The water was contaminated with oil.

(十)有關(guān)“害怕”或“混亂”的動(dòng)詞，如：

(22)All were frightened out of their wits.

(23)He was puzzled about what to do next.

要注意的一點(diǎn)是，上面這十類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有些已漸漸失去了動(dòng)詞力量，轉(zhuǎn)化為慣用語(yǔ)。

初三英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)歸納

一、定義

過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)常用于賓語(yǔ)從句或間接引語(yǔ)中。過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)常用“would + 動(dòng)詞原形”或“was / were going to + 動(dòng)詞原形”來(lái)表達(dá)。

過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的基本特征，也就是我么年今天所談到的“立足過(guò)去，著眼未來(lái)”。它表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間來(lái)看將要發(fā)生的某個(gè)動(dòng)作或存在的某種狀態(tài)。

例如：Mary told me that she would go to Shanghai by plane. 瑪麗告訴我說(shuō)她將要坐飛機(jī)去上海。

二、用法

1.　表示從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間看來(lái)將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。

I didn’t know when he would go to the park.

He said that he would wait for me at the school gate.

此種情況常用于賓語(yǔ)從句或間接引語(yǔ)中。用“was / were going to + 動(dòng)詞原形”，“was / were about to + 動(dòng)詞原形”表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

She told me she was going to fly to Yunnan.

I was about to leave the house when the telephone rang.

和一般將來(lái)時(shí)一樣，也可用相應(yīng)的其他形式表示。

2.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)有時(shí)可用來(lái)表示過(guò)去將來(lái)。

He said the train was leaving at

five the next morning. He said he was coming to see me.

常見(jiàn)于come, go等瞬間動(dòng)詞。

(1)基本構(gòu)成——

A ) would + 動(dòng)詞原形

如：He asked me if I would stay here. 他問(wèn)我是否要待在這兒。

B ) was / were going to + 動(dòng)詞原形

如：No one knew when he was going to finish his homework. 沒(méi)有人知道他什么時(shí)候會(huì)完成作業(yè)。

C ) was/ were ( about ) to + 動(dòng)詞原形

如：He said that they were to leave at six. 他說(shuō)他們將于6點(diǎn)動(dòng)身。

She said that the meeting was about to begin. 她說(shuō)會(huì)議就要開(kāi)始了

D) come, go, arrive, leave, die 等瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞，用在過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中表示過(guò)去將來(lái)。

如：She told us that she was leaving for Yunnan. 她告訴我們她將要去云南。

(2)基本用法——

A ) 主句為過(guò)去時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句常表示將要發(fā)生的事情。

如：Nobody knew what would happen after a hundred years.沒(méi)有人知道一百年之后將會(huì)發(fā)生什么事。

We wanted to know whether she was going to speak at the meeting. 我們想知道她是否準(zhǔn)備在會(huì)上發(fā)言。

B ) 在敘述過(guò)去的事情或事情發(fā)生的經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí)，用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示在當(dāng)時(shí)看將來(lái)會(huì)發(fā)生的事。

如：It was a Sunday afternoon. A young woman named Maria had just left school.

一個(gè)星期天的下午，一位名叫瑪麗亞的年輕人剛離開(kāi)學(xué)校。

He was going to start to work the next week, so she decided to buy some new clothes and a new pair of shoes. 因?yàn)樗郎?zhǔn)備下周開(kāi)始工作，所以，決定買(mǎi)些新衣服和一雙新鞋子。

C ) 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)還可以用來(lái)表示非真實(shí)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

如：If I had a chance to study abroad, I would study at Harvard University.如果我有機(jī)會(huì)出國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)的話(huà)，我就會(huì)去哈佛大學(xué)。

I wish he would go with me to the cinema tonight. 今晚他能和我一起去看電影就好了。