最新九年級(jí)上學(xué)期英語(yǔ)課文知識(shí)點(diǎn)外研版
有自信的人,可以化渺小為偉大,化平庸為神奇;信心是命運(yùn)的主宰:堅(jiān)定的信心,能使平凡的人們,做出驚人的事業(yè)。與其羨慕別人,仰望別人的成功,不如加快自己的腳步;我自信,我拼搏,我能成功。下面就是小編為大家梳理歸納的知識(shí),希望大家能夠喜歡。
九年級(jí)上學(xué)期英語(yǔ)課文知識(shí)點(diǎn)外研版
所謂垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)(The Dangling Construction)就是一個(gè)句子成分,如分詞短語(yǔ),不定式動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)等,找不到被修飾的主語(yǔ)或被修飾的對(duì)象不合邏輯。垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)是種錯(cuò)誤的句法,應(yīng)該避免。
下面是三種常見(jiàn)的垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)及其改正方法:
⒈垂懸分詞或分詞短語(yǔ),如:
①Climbing up the hill, several boars were seen.
這句子里的現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)(present participial phrase)修飾主語(yǔ)“several boars”是錯(cuò)的;改正方法有二:
(a)確定是邏輯主語(yǔ),使句子變成“Climbing up the hill, the explorers saw several boars.”
(b)把現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)擴(kuò)大為副詞分句(也稱狀語(yǔ)從句):“When the explorers climbed up the hill, they saw several boars/ several boars were seen.”
⒉垂懸副詞短語(yǔ),如:
After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to bite.
這句的副詞短語(yǔ)(adverb phrase)和主語(yǔ)“the fish”有什么邏輯關(guān)系呢?真正的邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是“the fisherman”或“the angler”才對(duì)。改正方法:
(a) After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fisherman found that the fish began to bite.
(b) After the fisherman had put a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to bite.
⒊垂懸不定式動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ),如:
To write well, a lot of practice is needed.
To be a loyal employee, a sense of belonging is a must.
這兩個(gè)句子的不定式動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)(infinitive phrases)并不能修飾“practice”和“a sense of belonging”,真正的主語(yǔ)必須是“ 人”,如:
(a) To write well, one needs a lot of practice/a person has to practise a lot.
(b) To be a loyal employee, he or she must have a sense of belonging.
上述三類垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)中,第一類發(fā)生的頻率,必須注意。但是在下列三種情況下,分詞短語(yǔ)是對(duì)的,它們并非垂懸結(jié)構(gòu):
第一,獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)(The Absolute Construction,見(jiàn)3月7日《中英合談》)中的分詞短語(yǔ)有自己的主語(yǔ),所以不是垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
Such being the case, we can go home now./……it is not wrong to call it a day.
第二,當(dāng)分詞含有介詞或連詞性質(zhì)時(shí),它不需要邏輯主語(yǔ),所以沒(méi)有垂懸問(wèn)題存在。例如:
Owing to a lack of funds, the project has to be discontinued.
Provided that there is sufficient time, everyone can do the job better.
第三,當(dāng)分詞短語(yǔ)是用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話者的態(tài)度或意見(jiàn)時(shí),也不需要邏輯主語(yǔ),因此也不存在著垂懸問(wèn)題。例如:
Judging from his facial look, the news must have been terrible.
Taken as a whole, there is nothing wrong with the logic behind that idea.
九年級(jí)上學(xué)期英語(yǔ)課文知識(shí)點(diǎn)歸納外研版
連詞及其用法
1.連詞是一種虛詞,它不能獨(dú)立擔(dān)任句子成分而只起連接詞與詞,短語(yǔ)與短語(yǔ)以及句與句的作用。
2.常見(jiàn)的連詞
and(和,與;而且;于是,然后;因此)
but(但是;通常用not...but...不是...而是...;可是,然而;表示驚訝,不同意等--喔,哇;用來(lái)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)句重復(fù)部分的語(yǔ)氣--一定;用來(lái)引入新話題--那就;常用于否定句--而不,若不;用于含doubt,question等字的否定句中相當(dāng)于that--對(duì)于)
or(或者,還是;用于否定句或問(wèn)句--也不;否則,要不然;也就是說(shuō),換言之)
nor(用在neither之后--也不;用在no,not,never之后--也不;用在句首,句子需倒裝--也不)
so(因此,所以;因而,從而)
yet(可是,卻,然而)
for(因?yàn)?,由?
both…and(既...又...;不但...而且)
not only…but also(不但,而且)
either…or(不是...就是;要么...要么)
neither…nor(既不...也不...)
3.并列連詞:
①and 與or;②both …and兩者都;③not only…but ...as well as=not only...but also不但…而且;④neither…nor意思為"既不……也不……"謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用就近原則,與nor后的詞保持一致。
4.轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ冗B詞
①but表示轉(zhuǎn)折,while表示對(duì)比。②not…but…意思為"不是……而是……"。
賓語(yǔ)從句
1.賓語(yǔ)從句,是名詞性從句的一種。在主從復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ),位于及物動(dòng)詞、介詞或復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)之后的從句稱為賓語(yǔ)從句。賓語(yǔ)從句分為三類:動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)從句,介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句和形容詞的賓語(yǔ)從句。
2.賓語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞有三種:
(1)以that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句:
that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句一般都是由陳述句充當(dāng),引導(dǎo)詞that沒(méi)有實(shí)際意義,不在從句中作任何成分,that可以省略,而且從句成分齊全,句意完整。
Do you think (that) it will rain? 你認(rèn)為天會(huì)下雨嗎?
He said (that) he could come on time. 他說(shuō)他會(huì)準(zhǔn)時(shí)來(lái)的。
(2)以whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句:
從屬連詞if,whether引導(dǎo)的名詞從句是由一般疑問(wèn)句或選擇疑問(wèn)句轉(zhuǎn)化而來(lái)的,變成從句后,語(yǔ)序由原來(lái)的倒裝語(yǔ)序變成陳述語(yǔ)序。whether和if意為“是否”。
Let us know whether / if you can finish the work before Friday.
請(qǐng)讓我們知道你是否能在星期五以前把工作做完。
I don’t care whether you like the story or not.
我不在乎你是否喜歡這個(gè)故事。
(3)特殊疑問(wèn)詞what/ when/ where/ who等引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句:
此類賓語(yǔ)從句原來(lái)是特殊疑問(wèn)句,變成賓語(yǔ)從句后要用陳述語(yǔ)序,由wh-開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)。包括who, whom, whose, what, which等連接代詞和where, when, how, why等連接副詞,這些引導(dǎo)詞有各自的意思,在從句中要作相應(yīng)的成分,不能省略。例如:
Could you tell me which gate we have to go to?
請(qǐng)問(wèn)我們得走哪個(gè)門?
He didn’t tell me how long he would stay here.
他沒(méi)有告訴我他要在這里呆多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。
九年級(jí)上學(xué)期英語(yǔ)課文知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)外研版
疑問(wèn)詞是疑問(wèn)代詞“who, whom, what, which, whose”和疑問(wèn)副詞“when, where, how, why ”。此外,連接詞“whether”也適用。
“疑問(wèn)詞+不定式動(dòng)詞”結(jié)構(gòu)有何功用呢?其主要功用有下列五種:
⑴當(dāng)主語(yǔ),如:
When to hold the meeting has not yet been decided.
Where to live is a problem.
How to cope with the rising cost of living becomes a daily discussion topic.
⑵當(dāng)賓語(yǔ),如:
We must know what to say at a meeting.
He could not tell whom to trust.
Do you know how to play bridge?
⑶當(dāng)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),如:
The problem is where to find the financial aid.
The question is who to elect.
⑷當(dāng)名詞同位語(yǔ),如:
Tom had no idea which book to read first.
Do you have a rough impression how to do it?
⑸當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),如:
Jim is not sure whose to choose.
Mary and John are not certain whether to get married or not.
適用于“疑問(wèn)詞+不定式動(dòng)詞”的動(dòng)詞包括:“know, see, decide, tell, ask, consider, discover, explain, forget, guess, hear, imagine, inquire, learn, remember, think, wonder, understand”等。
有點(diǎn)值得特別注意的是:當(dāng)這結(jié)構(gòu)當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)時(shí),它的作用等于名詞分句,例如:
I could not decide which dictonary to buy. / I could not decide which dictionary I should buy.
Jack did not know where to find such a good teacher./ Jack did not know where he could find such a good teacher.
有些動(dòng)詞,如“ask, show, tell, advise, inform, teach”等,可以先有個(gè)賓語(yǔ),然后才接著加上適當(dāng)?shù)摹耙蓡?wèn)詞+不定式動(dòng)詞” 結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
The chief technician showed the apprentice how to repair the machine.
Have you told him where to get the application form?
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