中考指導(dǎo):初中英語語法之連詞
連詞是連接字、短語、從句與句子的詞,是虛詞,因此它不能獨(dú)立擔(dān)任句子成分。連詞主要分為兩大類:并列連詞和從屬連詞。并列連詞用來連接并列關(guān)系的詞、詞組或分句。下面就來跟小編一起學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)習(xí)吧。
連詞包括:and,or,but,so,for,both…and,either…or,neither…nor,not only…but also。
從屬連詞用來引導(dǎo)從句,它包括: that, when, till, until, after, before, since,because,if,whether,though,although,so…that,so that,in order that,as soon as
并列連詞用來連接具有并列關(guān)系的詞,短語或句子。常見的并列連詞有:
(1)表并列關(guān)系的and, both…and, not only…but also, neither…nor等。
(2)表選擇關(guān)系的or, either…or等。
(3)表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的but, while等。
(4)表因果關(guān)系的for, so等。
1并列連詞
1 and:和,并且
I like basketball, football and table-tennis.
我喜歡籃球、足球和乒乓球。
1.基本用法
and表示“和”、“而且”的意思,用來連接對等關(guān)系的字和字,片語與片語,句子與句子。
He got up and put on his hat.
他站起來,戴上了帽子。
I went to the Summer Palace and he went to Bei Hai Park.
我去頤和園,他去北海公園。
注意
單詞或詞組如果是三個以上連接,一般在最后的單詞或詞組前加and。另外“and”在譯成中文時不一定要翻譯出“和”來。
2.特別用法:and在祈使句中的作用
句型:祈使句, and…=If you…, you'll…
Use your head,and you'll find a way.
動動腦筋,你就會想出辦法來。
=If you use your head,you'll find a way.
如果你動動腦子,你就會想出辦法。
Hurry up,and you'll catch the bus.
快點(diǎn),你就會趕上公共汽車。
=If you hurry up,you'll catch the bus.
如果你快點(diǎn),你就會趕上公共汽車。
2 or:或,或者,否則
Is Li Ming from Beijing or from Shanghai.
李明是北京人還是上海人呢?
1.基本用法
or表示“~或”的意思,使用于兩者之中選擇一個的時候。
Would you like coffee or tea?
你喜歡咖啡還是茶?
Tom or I am right.我或者湯姆是對的。
Li Ming or his classmates are cleaning the room.
李明或者是他的同班同學(xué)在打掃房間。
注意
“A or B”作主語時,謂語動詞隨or后面的詞(B)而定,因此例子中的謂語動詞服從I,用am。
2.特別用法
句型:祈使句, or…=If you don't…, you'll…
同and一樣,or在祈使句中的用法,譯成“請…,否則…”,有轉(zhuǎn)折的意思。
Hurry up,or you'll miss the bus.
快點(diǎn)吧,否則你就會誤了公共汽車。
=If you don't hurry up,you'll miss the bus.
如果你不快點(diǎn),你就會誤了這班車。
Study hard,or you'll fail in the exam.
好好學(xué)吧,否則你考試就會不及格。
=If you don't study hard,you'll fail in the exam.
如果你不努力學(xué)習(xí),你考試就會不及格。
注意
or疑問句的讀法or前面的部分用升調(diào),后面的部分用降調(diào)。
3 but:但是,可是,而
He is old, but he looks very young.
他老了,但他看起來很年輕。
Li Li likes violin but doesn't like piano.
李莉喜歡小提琴,(但是)不喜歡鋼琴。
(but 后面省略了主語Li Li,因?yàn)榕c前面的主語成分相同)
Mary likes violin, but Tom doesn't.
瑪麗喜歡小提琴,而湯姆不喜歡。
(doesn't后面省略了like violin,因?yàn)榕c前面的成分相同)
He isn't a teacher but a doctor.
他不是(一個)老師,而是醫(yī)生。
They came here not for money but for the life.
他們到這兒來,不是要錢,而是要命。
注意
but所連接的句子,句中如果某些成分與前面相同,則可以省略。
4 so, for
It began to rain,so we had to stay here.
開始下雨了,我們不得不呆在這兒了。
1.so:所以,因此,于是
My teacher asked me to go, so I went.
我們老師讓我去,因此我就去了。
比較
so除了作連詞外,也可以作副詞。
I hope you can pass the exam.
我希望你能通過考試。
I hope so.我也希望。
Don't walk so fast.別走得太快。
2.for:因?yàn)?/p>
I soon went to sleep, for I was tired.
我很快就入睡了,因?yàn)槲姨哿恕?/p>
The sun has risen,for the birds are singing.
太陽升起來了,小鳥在唱歌。
比較
for和be cause for也可譯為“因?yàn)椤?,但是它沒有什么因果關(guān)系,不像because那樣,而for只是說明解釋而已。
5 both…and:和,既……也……
He can play both the violin and the piano.
他既會拉小提琴,又會彈鋼琴。
1.《both…and…》構(gòu)成的詞組作為主語時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
Both Li Ming and Li Li are good students.
(Li Ming和Li Li都是人,所以兩者對等)
李明和李莉都是好學(xué)生。
注意
在《both…and…》句型中,and連接的詞或詞組要對等。
2.《both…and》的否定句表示部分否定。
He can't play both the violin and the piano.
他會拉小提琴或者會彈鋼琴。(不全會)
Both Li Ming and Li Li are not good students.
明和李莉不都是好學(xué)生。(其中一個是好學(xué)生)
6 either…or,neither…nor
I want to visit either Tianjing or Shanghai.
我想?yún)⒂^天津或者上海。
I like neither English nor Chinese.
中文和英文我全不喜歡。
1.either…or:或……或……;不是……就是……
a.《either…or…》構(gòu)成的詞組作為主語時,謂語動詞隨其鄰近的詞,即or后面的詞而定。
Either you or he is right.
不是你,就是他是對的。
b.此句型的否定句是全否定。
Either you or he isn't right.你和他都不對。
I don't want to visit either Tianjing or
Shanghai.天津和上海我都不想?yún)⒂^。
2.neither…nor:既不……也不……
a.當(dāng)此詞組擔(dān)任主語時,謂語動詞的用法和either…or的用法一樣,由nor后面的詞而定。
Neither you nor I am right.你和我都不對。
b.此句型本身是全否定,因此不能再用否定式,即不能再加not。
(×)Neither You nor I am not right.
比較
both …and ,either…or ,neither …nor 這三個句型的相互關(guān)系如下:
1.肯定句:I like both A and B.我喜歡A和B。
I like both coffee and tea.
我喜歡咖啡和茶。(茶和咖啡我都喜歡)
2.否定句:I don't like both A and B. =I like either A or B.
我不喜歡A 或B。
I like either coffee or tea .
咖啡和茶,我喜歡一樣兒。
=I don't like both coffee and tea .
3.I don't like either A or B .=I like neither A nor B.
A和B 我都不喜歡。
咖啡和茶,我都不喜歡。
I like neither coffee nor tea .
I don't like either coffee or tea .
7 not only… but also:不但……而且
(1)Not only you but also your father is coming.
不但你,而且你父親也要來。
(2)Jane is not only beautiful but also kind.
珍妮不但漂亮,而且人非常好。
1.基本用法:《not only…but also》擔(dān)任主語時,此句型的謂語動詞隨 but also后面的部分而定,參見上文例(1)。
另外not only…but also連接對等的詞或詞組;例(1)you(你)和 your father(你父親)都是人。例(2)beautiful(美的)和kind(親切、慈祥)都是形容詞。
2.該句型可以和“as well as”互換,但注意漢語翻譯。
Your father as well as you is coming.
不但你,而且你父親也要來。
注意
as well as的句子謂語動詞隨它前面的詞“Your father”而定,所以用is coming.
Jane is kind as well as beautiful.
珍妮不但漂亮,而且為人很好。
2 從屬連詞
常見的從屬連詞有:
(1)引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的after, before, when, while, as, until, till, since, as soon as等。(2)引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的if, unless等。
(3)引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的because, as, since等。
(4)引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的so that, in order that等。
(5)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的though, although, even if等。
(6)引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的so that, so…that, such…that等。
(7)引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句的than, as…as等。
(8)引導(dǎo)名詞從句的that, if , whether等。
1 that
I think(that) he likes football.
我想他喜歡足球。
that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句(主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句)和定語從句,本書只介紹賓語從句。
1.that在賓語從句、間接引語中可以省略,主句與從句時態(tài)一致。
I think(that) he is tired.我想他累了。
I thought(that) he was tired.
注意
要特別注意主句與從句時態(tài)的呼應(yīng)。如果主句是過去時,從句一律改為過去的時態(tài),詳見第二十章賓語從句。
2.如果主句的動詞是 think, believe…;如果主句的主語是第一人稱,變?yōu)榉穸ň鋾r,要否定主句,譯成中文時,則否定從句。
I believe you will leave here.
我相信,你會離開這兒的。
I don't believe you will leave here.
我相信,你不會離開這兒的。
必背!
I hope that~我希望~
I think that~我認(rèn)為~
I say that~我說~
I know that~我知道~
I find that~我發(fā)現(xiàn)~
be afraid that~恐怕~
be sure that~確認(rèn)~
be glad(happy) that~很高興~
(以上的that都可以省略)
2 when,while,till,until,since…
When he arrives there he will call you.
他到達(dá)那兒以后,他會給你打電話。
when, while, till, until, since, after, before, as soon as等是連接時間狀語從句的連詞。在時間狀語從句中要特別注意時態(tài)的搭配:當(dāng)主句是將來時,從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時。
注意
while所引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語動詞只能是延續(xù)性的,不能用點(diǎn)動詞。(如begin,stop…)
When I arrived there, it was raining.
當(dāng)我到那兒時,天正在下雨。
I entered the room while(when) Li Ming was talking with her.
我進(jìn)屋時,李明正在和她談話。
I didn't go to sleep until(till)I finished my homework.
直到我做完作業(yè),我才上床睡覺。
We won't work until(till) our teacher teaches us how to do it.
老師教給我們?nèi)绾巫鲞@工作之后,我們才會開始做。
He came to China after the war was over.
比較
連詞連接從句不同,意思不同。
He had been in China before the war was over.
戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束前,他已經(jīng)在中國了。
=The war was over before he came to China.
=The war had been over before he came to China.
戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束后,他來到中國。
I have learned more than two thousand English words since I began learning English two years ago.
自從兩年前我開始學(xué)習(xí)英語以來,我已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了兩千多個英語單詞了。
注意
since引導(dǎo)的是一個過去時的句子,說明自當(dāng)時以來到現(xiàn)在(自從兩年前以來),主句一般要用現(xiàn)在完成時。
As soon as I get enough money,I'll buy it.
我一得到足夠的錢,就買它。
3 because:因?yàn)?,連接原因狀語從句
She didn't go there,because she was ill.
因?yàn)樗×?,所以她沒去那兒。
1.回答Why問句時,只能用because,不能用for或 as.
Why are you late?
你為什么遲到?
Because I met a traffic accident on my way here.
因?yàn)樵谖襾磉@兒的路上,遇到了車禍。
2.漢語中,我們經(jīng)常說因?yàn)?hellip;…所以,但在英文中有了because,就不能再用so。
(×)Because he was tired, so he couldn't walk there.
因?yàn)樗哿?,所以他不能走到那兒了?/p>
4 if,though (although)
If it doesn't rain,we'll go to the park.
如果不下雨,我們就去公園。
Though I was tired, I still worked hard.
雖然我很累,可是我仍然努力地工作。
1.if:如果(引導(dǎo)條件從句)
You can pass the exam if you study hard.
如果你努力學(xué)習(xí),你會及格的。
2.though,although:雖然(引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句)和原因狀語從句一樣,如果用了though,although (雖然)就不能再用but(但是)。
Although(Though) I live near the sea, I'm not a good swimmer.
=I live near the sea,but I'm not a good swimmer.
雖然我住在海邊,可是我游泳并不好。
注意
注意時態(tài)一致,和時間狀語從句一樣。主句是將來時之時,從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時。
5 so…that:太……以致……
He is so old that he can't work. = He is too old to work.
他太老了,不能工作。
The box is so heavy that I can't lift it.
=The box is too heavy for me to lift.
箱子太沉了,我抬不起來。
The girl is so beautiful that everybody likes her.
這個小女孩太漂亮了,每個人都喜歡她。
注意
注意此句型與too…to的互換。
so…that在肯定句中不能轉(zhuǎn)換成too…to…
三 連詞比較
I and 與or
1) 并列結(jié)構(gòu)中,or通常用于否定句,and用于肯定句。
2) 但有時and 也可用于否定句。請注意其不同特點(diǎn):
There is no air or water in the moon.
There is no air and no water on the moon.
在否定中并列結(jié)構(gòu)用or 連接,但含有兩個否定詞的句子實(shí)際被看作是肯定結(jié)構(gòu),因此要用and。
典型例題
---I don't like chicken ___ fish.
---I don't like chicken, ___ I like fish very much.
A. and; and B. and; but C. or; but D. or;and
答案C。否定句中表并列用or, but 表轉(zhuǎn)折。
判斷改錯:
(錯) We will die without air and water.
(錯) We can't live without air or water.
(對) We will die without air or water.
(對) We can't live without air and water.
3 )表示選擇的并列結(jié)構(gòu)
(1) or 意思為"否則"。
I must work hard, or I'll fail in the exam.
(2) either…or 意思為"或者……或者……"。注意謂語動詞采用就近原則。
Either you or I am right.
判斷改錯:
(錯) They sat down and talk about something.
(錯) They started to dance and sang.
(錯) I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there.
(對) They sat down and talked about something.
(對) They started to dance and sing.
(對)I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there.
解析:
第一句: and 連接兩個并列的謂語,所以 talk 應(yīng)改為 talked。
第二句:and 連接兩個并列的動詞不定式,第二個不定式往往省略to,因此sang 應(yīng)改為 sing。
第三句:and 連接感觀動詞saw 后面的用作的賓補(bǔ)的兩個并列分詞結(jié)構(gòu),因此whisper應(yīng)改為whispering。
注意:and 還可以和祈使句或名詞詞組連用表示條件。(or也有此用法)
Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance.
= If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance.
One more effort, and you'll succeed.
= If you make one more effort, you'll succeed.
II but表示轉(zhuǎn)折,while表示對比。
Some people love cats, while others hate them.
典型例題
--- Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
--- I'd like to, ___ I'm too busy.
A. and B. so C. as D. but
答案D。but與前面形成轉(zhuǎn)折,符合語意。而表并列的and,結(jié)果的so,原因的as都不符合句意。
III so, therefore
He hurt his leg, so he couldn't play in the game.
注意:
a. 兩個并列連詞不能連用,但therefore, then, yet.可以和并列連詞連用。
You can watch TV, and or you can go to bed.
He hurt his leg, and so / and therefore he couldn't play in the game.
b. although… yet…,但although不與 but連用。
(錯) Although he was weak, but he tried his best to do the work
(對) Although he was weak, yet he tried his best to do the work.
IV 比較so和 such
其規(guī)律由so與such的不同詞性決定。such 是形容詞,修飾名詞或名詞詞組,so是副詞,只能修飾形容詞或副
詞。so 還可與表示數(shù)量的形容詞many,few,much, little連用,形成固定搭配。
so + adj. such + a(n) + n.
so + adj. + a(n) + n. such + n. (pl.)
so + adj. + n. (pl.) such +n. (pl.)
so + adj. + n. [不可數(shù)] such +n. [不可數(shù)]
so foolish such a fool
so nice a flower such a nice flower
so many/ few flowers such nice flowers
so much/little money. such rapid progress
so many people such a lot of people
so many 已成固定搭配,a lot of 雖相當(dāng)于 many,但 a lot of 為名詞性的,只能用such搭配。
so…that與such…that之間的轉(zhuǎn)換既為 so與such之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。
Eg :The MP3 cost me ________ money that I ccouldn't afford to buy it .
A .so much .B .such much C .so many
D . such many .(Key :A )
注意:too … to ,so …… that … , such … that … , enough …… to …, 的互換。
so that to = in order to /that 的用法。
Eg A .He is too young to go to school.
B .He is ____ a young boy _____ he ____ go to school .
C .He is ____ young ____ he ____ go to school .
D .He isn't ______ _______ ______ go to school (Keys :B :such , that , can't C :so ,that ,can't .D : old ,enough to )
易錯分析:
?、訇P(guān)于not…until
He stayed there until it was very late.
句中,stay是可延續(xù)性動詞,所以不用not。
He didn't leave until it was very late.
句中,leave是不可延續(xù)性動詞,所以用not
?、赽ecause, so;although, but
上面已經(jīng)提到,because和so及although和but不連用。
例如:
Because he was late, he didn't catch the first bus.
一定不可以說
Because he was late, so he didn't catch the first bus.
?、踥r還是and
祈使句+or+陳述句前后是對立的
祈使句+and+陳述句前后是統(tǒng)一的
(or或and后的陳述句,常用一般將來時)
Study hard, or you won't pass the exam.
Study hard, and you will pass the exam.
兩句都可以轉(zhuǎn)換成“If條件句+主句”形式,注意:要去掉or和and:
If you don't study hard, you won't pass the exam.
If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
④because, since, as, for表示原因時的區(qū)別
盡管because, for, since, as都表示原因,但是用法上有不同。
because通常表示說話人認(rèn)為這種理由或者原因是聽話人所不知道的。
如:
He didn't attend the meeting because he had too much work to do.
since表示的原因是人們已知的事實(shí),常譯作“既然”。
如:
Since he can't answer this question, you'd better ask someone else.
as表示原因與since差別不大,只是語氣更弱,多譯為“由于”
如:
As I haven't seen the film, I can't tell you what I think of it.
for表示因果關(guān)系時,只能放在主句之后,不能放在句首。而且經(jīng)常是對主句補(bǔ)充說明理由或推斷原因。
如:
It rained last night, for the ground is wet.
⑤ as, when, while
這三個連詞都可引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句,但用法有所不同。
1) 當(dāng)某事正在進(jìn)行的時候,又發(fā)生了另一件事。While, when, as 都可用來引導(dǎo)表示“背景”的時間狀語從句。例如:
As/When/While I was walking down the street I noticed a police car.
2) 當(dāng)兩個長動作同時進(jìn)行的時候,最常用的是while。例如:
While mother was cooking lunch, I was doing my homework.
3) 當(dāng)兩個動作都表示發(fā)展變化的情況時,最常用的是as。例如:
As children get older, they become more and more interested in things around them.
4) 當(dāng)兩個短動作同時發(fā)生時,或表示“一邊…一邊…”時,最常用as。例如:
Just as he caught the fly, he gave a loud cry.
She looked behind from time to time as she went
5) 當(dāng)從句的動作先于主句的動作時,通常用when。例如:
When he finished his work, he took a short rest.
6)當(dāng)從句是瞬間動作,主句是延續(xù)性動作時,通常用when。例如:
When John arrived I was cooking lunch.
(6)if, whether
if和whether都可作“是否”講,在引導(dǎo)賓與從句是一般可互換。例如:
I wonder whether (if) you still study in that school.
I don’t know whether (if) he likes that film.
1) 引導(dǎo)主語從句時。例如:
Whether he will come to the party is unknown.
2) 引導(dǎo)表語從句時。例如:
The question is whether I can pass the exam.
3) 在不定式前。例如:
I haven’t made up my mind whether to go there or not.