雙語閱讀：美國動(dòng)物保護(hù)組織拯救克羅斯河大猩猩

　　摘要：美國正在幫助挽救一種瀕臨絕種的西非大猩猩物種。美國魚類及野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)組織及國際野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)學(xué)會(huì)已經(jīng)有了一項(xiàng)五年計(jì)劃, 以確保靈長類動(dòng)物的存活。美國魚類及野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)組織的德瑞克•貝樂爾稱克羅斯河大猩猩在非洲的其他部分地區(qū)不是像它的親戚那樣很有名。

　　The U.S. is helping to save an elusive and endangered species of gorilla in West Africa. The Fish and Wildlife Service and the Wildlife Conservation Society have developed a five-year plan to ensure the survival of the primate .

　　Dirck Byler of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife service said the Cross River gorilla is not as well-known as its relatives in other parts of Africa.

　　"There's two different species of gorilla actually. There's the western gorilla and the eastern gorilla. And the one that people are most familiar with are the eastern gorillas, specifically the subspecies known as the mountain gorilla, which is found in Rwanda and Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The western gorilla is found in the western part of the Congo Basin in countries such as Cameroon, Gabon, northern Republic of the Congo. And then one of their subspecies is called the Cross River gorilla. And this is the most endangered gorilla species today," he said.

　　In fact, the Cross River gorilla has been classified as "critically endangered" by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, the IUCN.

　　"It's much more endangered than the mountain gorilla is and unfortunately hasn't received as much attention over the years," said Byler.

　　Byler, program officer for the Great Ape Conservation Fund at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, said it's believed there are only a few hundred of the gorillas left.

　　"We don't really have a good estimate of what the population was before, but it was likely many thousands. But over the last hundred years as human population has grown in this area they were hunted down to a very small level of 250 to 300 individuals scattered across 13 little pockets on the border of Nigeria and Cameroon," he said.

　　Just 10 to 15 years ago, the Cross River gorilla was thought to be either extinct or nearly extinct.

　　"With actually a lot of support from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the work of conservation NGOs like the Wildlife Conservation Society we've been able to get a handle on where the remaining populations exist. So our understanding from a scientific point of view has increased dramatically," he said.

　　Two new national parks have opened in Cameroon that offer safe haven for the gorilla. One is the Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary, which was created with a grant from the service. The other is the Takamanda National Park, which was converted from a forest reserve.

　　Part of the five-year plan to save the Cross River gorilla is to have local communities act as guardians for the primates.

　　Byler said, "Many of the gorilla populations still lie outside protected areas and national parks and will never probably be included in national parks. And so through working with local communities to curtail hunting and to provide alternatives to hunting in many of these places we think we can get a handle on hopefully stabilizing the population and even increasing it."

　　So how many Cross River gorillas would there have to be in order for the species to be considered safe? Byler said it's difficult to set what's called a goal population.

　　"Maybe doubling the population in the next 20 or 30 years would be tremendous. And whether that would be enough to ensure its long term sustainability is in question, but it sure would be great progress if we could achieve that. The reproductive rate of gorillas is very slow and it takes a long time to actually increase a population," he said.

　　The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is able to offer its assistance in Africa and elsewhere through the Great Ape Conservation Fund. It was established by Congress in 2000. The fund allows the service to offer conservation grants ranging from ,000 to 0,000.

　　美國正在幫助挽救一種瀕臨絕種的西非大猩猩物種。美國魚類及野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)組織及國際野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)學(xué)會(huì)已經(jīng)有了一項(xiàng)五年計(jì)劃, 以確保靈長類動(dòng)物的存活。

　　美國魚類及野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)組織的德瑞克•貝樂爾稱克羅斯河大猩猩在非洲的其他部分地區(qū)不是像它的親戚那樣很有名。

　　“實(shí)際上有兩種不同種類的大猩猩。它們是西部大猩猩和東部大猩猩。人們最熟悉的是東部大猩猩,特別是在烏干達(dá)和盧旺達(dá)及剛果民主共和國發(fā)現(xiàn)的被稱為亞種的山地大猩猩。西部大猩猩分布在剛果盆地西部的一些國家，如喀麥隆、加蓬及剛果北部。然后它們的其中一個(gè)亞種被稱為克羅斯河大猩猩?，F(xiàn)今它們已經(jīng)是最瀕危物種。”他說道。

　　事實(shí)上,克洛斯河大猩猩已被IUCN，即世界自然保護(hù)聯(lián)盟列為“瀕臨絕種”。

　　“它們比山地大猩猩更為瀕臨滅絕,不幸的是多年以來沒有得到足夠的重視。“貝樂爾說道。

　　貝樂爾在美國魚類及野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)組織猿類自然保護(hù)基金項(xiàng)目擔(dān)任主管，他稱目前只剩下幾百只大猩猩。

　　“我們真的沒有很好的估計(jì)之前的大猩猩數(shù)量,但可能是數(shù)千只。但是在過去的幾百年中,隨著人類在這一地區(qū)的人口增長，他們開始在尼日利亞和喀麥隆邊境獵殺大猩猩，結(jié)果導(dǎo)致大猩猩數(shù)量驟降到一個(gè)非常小的水平，幾乎只剩下250只到300只。”他說。

　　僅10年到15年前,克洛斯河大猩猩被認(rèn)為是已經(jīng)滅絕或幾乎滅絕。

　　“借助來自美國魚類及野生動(dòng)物服務(wù)組織及野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)協(xié)會(huì)等非政府組織的幫助，我們已經(jīng)能夠掌握現(xiàn)在大猩猩僅存數(shù)量的一手資料。所以我們從科學(xué)的角度上的理解在急劇增加。”他說道。

　　兩個(gè)新的國家公園在喀麥隆開放,這為大猩猩提供了安全之所。一個(gè)是借助美國魚類及野生動(dòng)物服務(wù)組織提供幫助的卡格文尼大猩猩圣地。另一個(gè)是從森林保護(hù)區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)變而來的塔卡曼達(dá)國家公園。

　　這個(gè)五年計(jì)劃的另一部分是讓當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)作為靈長類動(dòng)物的監(jiān)護(hù)人拯救克洛斯河大猩猩。

　　貝樂爾說道:“很多大猩猩仍然在保護(hù)區(qū)域之外而且還有國家公園并沒有囊括在國家公園之內(nèi)。所以藉助與當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)的合作減少狩獵和在很多這樣的地方提供狩獵替代選擇,我們認(rèn)為能夠掌控局勢并希望穩(wěn)定大猩猩數(shù)量，甚至達(dá)到增加的效果。”

　　那么有多少克洛斯河大猩猩才會(huì)被認(rèn)為是安全的物種呢?貝樂爾稱很難確定什么是目標(biāo)人口。

　　“也許在未來20或30年大猩猩數(shù)量會(huì)翻倍，這個(gè)數(shù)量無疑將是巨大的。是否這就足夠了,是否能確保其長期的可持續(xù)發(fā)展是個(gè)問題,但如果我們能達(dá)到這個(gè)效果，這肯定會(huì)是很大的進(jìn)步。因?yàn)榇笮尚煞敝陈史浅Ｂ?需要很長時(shí)間來實(shí)際增加人口。”他說道。

　　美國魚類及野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)組織通過猿類保護(hù)基金能夠?qū)Ψ侵藓推渌貐^(qū)提供幫助。它是由美國國會(huì)在2000年成立?；鹂梢栽试S這個(gè)組織將捐助從50000美元增加到100000美元。