雅思閱讀中隱性考點與零考點原則
若題目為原文某句話的改寫,即題目與原文有明顯對應(yīng)信息,但對應(yīng)信息較多,那么題目中真正設(shè)置的考點則要通過題目和原文的對比判斷。下面是小編給大家?guī)淼难潘奸喿x中隱性考點與零考點原則,希望能幫到大家!
雅思閱讀中隱性考點與零考點原則
A. 題目與原文意思一致、方向相同的對應(yīng)信息為隱性考點,以后均用 ( ) 表示。
比如說,原文和題目的主語、地點狀語都是Australians和in Singapore,兩者當(dāng)然都為隱性考點。
B. 題目與原文意思、方向模糊的對應(yīng)信息為隱性考點,以后均用 ( ) 表示。
模糊的對應(yīng)信息是指兩個信息既不明顯矛盾,又不是百分之百相同。如原文的主語為people,題目中的主語為all people,既不明顯矛盾,又不是百分之百相同,則為隱性考點。
C. 題目與原文中任意一方中的缺失信息為零考點,以后均用< >表示。
分析:這里的零考點是指原文中有而題目中沒有或題目中有而原文中沒有的成分,這樣缺失的成分肯定不是考點。
例:
原文:It was discovered in 1981, and less than 10 years later the platypus frog had completely vanished
題目:(The platypus frog became extinct by 1991
分析:題目判斷platypus frog這種青蛙到1991年已經(jīng)滅絕了,原文中提到1981之后不到十年platypus frog就已經(jīng)從靠近昆士蘭陽光海岸的Booloumaba Creek這個地方完全消失了。從這兩句話的對比中顯然可以看出題目判斷比原文信息少了一個地點狀語的限定。很多的考生在這道題目上堅持認為是NOT GIVEN,他們的理由是題目說platypus frog滅絕了,但是沒有說是在哪里滅絕的,有可能在昆士蘭附近滅絕的,也有可能在非洲滅絕了,還有可能在別的地方滅絕了,反正題目沒給出,這種錯誤的理解思路是很多中國學(xué)生都有的?,F(xiàn)在來看這個題目從雅思命題的思路上應(yīng)該怎么理解,題目:“The platypus frog became extinct by 1991.” 只有3個成分,主語the platypus frog、謂語became extinct、時間狀語by 1991,也就是說題目設(shè)置中可以考查的考點只可能是這3個中的其中1個。題目中的主語the platypus frog和原文明顯相等,所以不可能是考點。題目中的謂語became extinct對應(yīng)文中的completely vanished,也不可能是考點。文中說從1981年往后不到10年platypus frog就滅絕了,所以題目對時間的判斷到了1991年platypus frog就沒有了當(dāng)然沒錯,所以這個題目答案為TRUE。
從這個題目中可以看出,原文中有而題目中沒有的信息是缺失信息,缺失信息不可能是考查的考點,所以在做題的過程中對于這種缺失信息“零考點”,我們可以完全不考慮,或者理解成在原文和題目的對比中,所有的零考點都是默認相同的。
D. 題目與原文方向相反或不相容的對應(yīng)信息為顯性考點,即真考點,以后均用[ ]表示。
結(jié)論:通過題目中的各成分和文中對應(yīng)句子對應(yīng)成分之間的比較,劃出所有的括號形式,可知:
?、?題目中若沒有出現(xiàn)真考點,而只有零考點或隱性考點(方向相同、方向模糊信息或缺失信息)即只有 ( ) 和< >出現(xiàn),答案通常為TRUE 或YES;(字體可否放大)
② 題目中只要出現(xiàn)了顯性考點,即出現(xiàn)了[ ],答案通常為FALSE 或NO。(字體可否放大)
例1:
原文:Because of heavy rain, students stay in their classroom
題目:(All students) stay [in their dormitory], (owing to heavy rain)
分析:題目中的主語all students和原文中的主語students,既不完全相反,也不明顯相同,意思關(guān)系模糊,所以為隱性考點,用 ( ) 標(biāo)出。題目中的原因狀語owing to heavy rain和原文中的原因狀語because of heavy rain意思相同,均為負向原因,所以為隱性考點。原文中的地點狀語in the classroom和題目中的地點狀語in their dormitory明顯屬于地點不相容,為顯性考點,用[ ]標(biāo)出,所以根據(jù)顯性考點原則,答案為FALSE。從以上的分析可以看出,這個題目設(shè)置的真正考點是判斷學(xué)生們待在什么地方。
例2:
原文:Because of heavy rain, students stay in their classroom
題目:(All students) stay [in their dormitory], (owing to bad weather)
分析:題目中的主語all students和原文中的主語students,既不完全相反,也不明顯相同,意思關(guān)系模糊,所以為隱性考點,用 ( ) 標(biāo)出。原文中的原因狀語because of heavy rain和題目中的原因狀語owing to bad weather,既不完全相反,也不完全相同,但是均為負向原因,所以為隱性考點,用 ( ) 標(biāo)出。原文中的地點狀語in the classroom和題目中的地點狀語in their dormitory明顯屬于地點不相容,為顯性考點,用[ ]標(biāo)出,所以根據(jù)顯性考點原則,答案為FALSE。從以上的分析可以看出,這個題目真正設(shè)置的考點依然是判斷學(xué)生們待在什么地方。
例3:
原文:Because of heavy rain, students stay in their classroom
題目:(All students) stay (in their classroom) (owing to bad weather)
分析:題目中的主語all students和原文中的主語students,既不完全相反,也不明顯相同,意思關(guān)系模糊,所以為隱性考點。題目中的原因狀語owing to bad weather和原文中的原因狀語because of heavy rain,既不完全相反,也不完全相同,但是均為負向原因,所以為隱性考點,用 ( ) 標(biāo)出。原文中的地點狀語in their classroom和題目中的地點狀語in their classroom完全相同,為隱性考點,用 ( ) 標(biāo)出。所以根據(jù)顯性考點原則,答案為TRUE。從以上的分析可以看出,這個題目中所有可能成為考點的成分和原文相應(yīng)的成分都意思相同或方向相同,那么,該句話當(dāng)然和原文信息意思一致。
例4:
原文:Formed in 1903 by the political campaigner Mrs Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters Christabel and Sylvis, the WSPU began an educated campaign to put women’s suffrage on the political agenda. New Zealand, Australia and parts of the United States women, and growing numbers of their British counterparts wanted the same opportunity
題目:(In 1903) (women in New Zealand) [were still not allowed to vote]
分析:從題目入手,發(fā)現(xiàn)題目有可能考查3個考點:時間狀語In 1903,主語women in New Zealand,謂語were still not allowed to vote。這3個可能的考點題目到底考查的是哪一個呢?我們把它們和原文信息做比較。原文中有New Zealand也有women,所以原文和題目的主語是一致的,肯定為隱性考點,用 ( ) 標(biāo)出。時間狀語In 1903原文和題目也一致,為隱性考點,用 ( ) 標(biāo)出。再來看謂語,題目是were still not allowed to vote,原文是had already enfranchised women,原文中的enfranchised這個及物動詞明顯是一個生詞,該如何判斷呢?如我們前面分析過的,雅思中的是非題考查的是方向性,而不是精確性,所以我們只要能夠得出這兩個謂語判斷的方向就可以了。通過原文說:“New Zealand, Australia and parts of the United States had already enfranchised women, and growing numbers of their British counterparts wanted the same opportunity.” 可知had already enfranchised women這個謂語是一個正向的判斷,因為如果新西蘭對于婦女選舉權(quán)問題的態(tài)度是負向的話,那么英國的婦女是不可能也想要相同的機會的。而題目中的were still not allowed to vote明顯表明婦女仍然不被允許投票,方向為負。此時,我們可以得出題目設(shè)置的考點應(yīng)該是在謂語上,原文與題目的考點方向相反,答案當(dāng)然為FALSE。而如果你知道enfranchise這個詞的意思是“給予……選舉權(quán)”的話,就可以猜出題目在設(shè)置的時候只是將原文中的謂語動詞enfranchise改成了它的反義形式were still not allowed to vote而已,考點當(dāng)然在謂語上。
雅思閱讀同義詞替換
今天小編為大家整理了雅思閱讀同義詞替換,供大家參考,以下是詳細內(nèi)容;
1.pathetic=lamentable(very uncomfortable and disappointing)
2.field=domain(a particular field of thought, activities or interest)
3.appear=emerge(come into existence)
4.whole=entire(the whole of something)8
5.wet=moist(slightly wet), damp(slightly wet), humid(very damp and hot)
6.wrong=erroneous(incorrect or partly correct)
7.difficult=formidable
8.change=convert(change into another form)
9.typical=quintessential(this word means represent a typical example of something)
10.careful=cautious(very careful in order to avoid danger), prudent(careful and sensible)
11.ability=capacity, capability(the same as ability)
12.strange=eccentric(if some one is eccentric, s/he behaves in a strange way, or his/her opinion is different from most people)
13.rich=affluent(if you are affluent, you have a lot of money)
14.use= utilize (the same as use)
15.dubious=skeptical(if you are skeptical about something, you have doubts on it.)
16.satisfy=gratify (if you are gratified by something, it gives you pleasure and satisfaction)
17.short=fleeting, ephemeral(if something is ephemeral, it lasts a short time)
18.scholarship=fellowship
19.angry=enraged(extremely angry)
20.smelly=malodorous(used to describe an unpleasant smell)
21.ugly=hideous(if something is hideous, it is very ugly or unattractive)
22.attractive=appealing(pleasing and attractive), absorbing(something absorbing can attract you a great deal)
23.diverse=miscellaneous(a miscellaneousgroups consists of many different kinds of things)
24.disorder=disarray, chaos
25.crazily=frantically(used to describe someone who behaves in a wild and uncontrolled way)
26.rapid=meteoric(ATTENTION: meteoric is only used to describe someone achieves success quickly)
27.ordinary=mundane(very ordinary and not at interesting or unusual)
28.despite=notwithstanding(FORMAL)
29.best=optimal(used to describe the best level something can achieve)/
30.sharp=acute(severe and intense)
31.unbelievable=inconceivable(ifyou deem something inconceivable, you think it very unlike to happen ^
32.puzzle=perplex(something perplex someone means it confuses and worries him/her because he/she does not understand it)
33.method=avenue(away of getting something done)
34.famous=distinguished(used to describe people who are successful in their career)
35.ancient=archaic(extremely old and extremely old-fashioned)
36.decorate=embellish(embellish means make something look more attractive via decorating it with something else)/
37.possible=feasible(if something is feasible, it can be done, made or achieved)
38.so=consequently, accordingly
39.rare=infrequent (doesn’t happen often
40.greedy=rapacious(greedy and selfish)