英語中“替代”的用法分析總結(jié)
替代是一種避免重復(fù)的連接上下文的手段。在英語中主要有三種替代現(xiàn)象:名詞性替代、動(dòng)詞性替代和分句性替代;同理,替代詞也分為名詞替代詞、動(dòng)詞替代詞和分句替代詞。此外還有狀語的替代。以下是小編為大家整理的“替代”的用法分析總結(jié),希望能幫助大家提高英語水平。
一、名詞性替代
用名詞性替代詞one (s), the same, the kind, the sort等所表示的替代現(xiàn)象叫做名詞性替代。
1.名詞性替代詞
例1:His novel is a bad one for children. (one = novel)
例2:The child doesn’t like this book. Show him a more interesting one. (one = book)
2.某些不定代詞
在名詞性替代中還可以用一些不定代詞來替代。如all, both, some, any, enough, several, none, many, much, more, (the ) most, (a) few, another, the other, others, either等。例如:
I don't want any more food. I’ve had enough.
3. one 和 ones是最常見的替代詞
one的復(fù)數(shù)形式是ones.one 和ones作為替代詞只能用以替代可數(shù)名詞, 不可用來替代不可數(shù)名詞。例如:
1)The grey horse is stronger than the black one.
2)The new design is much better than the old ones.
4.名詞性物主代詞mine,yours
名詞性物主代詞mine, yours等可用來代替my +名詞,your +名詞等,例如:
“Whose is that coat?” “It’s mine.”
二、動(dòng)詞性替代
用動(dòng)詞替代詞do,do so等所表示的替代現(xiàn)象叫做動(dòng)詞性替代。
1.謂語的替代形式
do是謂語的替代形式,有時(shí)態(tài)和人稱的變化。例如:
1)John speaks German as fluently as Mary does.
2)Some people like a shower after they have played tennis. Peter does, for example.
3)John speaks German as fluently as Mary does.
2.由do,so等組成的復(fù)合替代形式
(1)“so +助動(dòng)詞+主語”。例如:
“Mary will enter the university in September.” “So will Joan.”
(2)“so +主語+助動(dòng)詞”。例如:
“I’ve been to Beijing.” ”So you have.”
注:這種結(jié)構(gòu)中第二句的主語與第一句的主語是同一個(gè)人,否則應(yīng)像“so +助動(dòng)詞+主語”的結(jié)構(gòu)一樣,主謂要倒裝。
(3)“主語+(助動(dòng)詞+)do + so”。例如:
“Have you sent your plan to the committee?”
“I did so yesterday.”
(4)“主語+(助動(dòng)詞+)do + that”。例如:
“Do you know who broke the television set?”
“I heard John did that.”
(5)“主語+(助動(dòng)詞+)do + it”。例如:
“My brother said he was going to send a letter of protest to the President.” ”I did it last week.”
注:如果上文表示否定意義而在簡(jiǎn)短反應(yīng)中表示相同的看法時(shí),則用“neither / nor +do +主語”。此時(shí),do 不是動(dòng)詞替代詞,而是助動(dòng)詞。例如:
Mary didn’t like English, neither did her brother.
3.to代替整個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式
當(dāng)某個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式詞組在句子中再次出現(xiàn)時(shí),我們可以只用to這個(gè)詞,而不必重復(fù)整個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式詞組。例如:
1)I went there because I wanted to. (=…because I wanted to go there.)
2)Perhaps I’ll go to Brazil this summer; I’d very much like to.
3)“Are you and Gillian getting married?” ”We hope to.”
4)I don’t dance much now, but I used to a lot.
5)I think he should get a job, but you can’t force him to if he’s not ready (to).
6)We’ll never leave home; he hasn’t got the courage (to).
注1:有時(shí)to可省略(尤其是在形容詞和名詞之后,見例4、6)。在某些動(dòng)詞(如try)之后也可省略to。例如:
“Can you start the car?” “Ok, I’ll try.”
注2:在want和would like之后,通常不能省略to。然而,當(dāng)want或like 用于從句時(shí)(例如,在when, if, what, as之后),to常常省略。例如:
1)Come when you want.
2)I’ve decided to do what I like.
3)Come and stay as long as you like.
三、分句性替代
用分句替代詞so或not替代整個(gè)分句的現(xiàn)象叫做分句性替代。例如:
Many people believe that there will be another world war before the end of the century. My father think so, but I believe not.
1.分句替代詞so或not可替代that從句
so可用來替代肯定的that從句,not替代否定的that從句,它們常與I’m afraid, believe, expect, fear, guess, hope, suppose, think等詞語搭配。例如:
1)“Have we got enough money?” “I think so.”
2)“We’re not going to be in time.” “No, I suppose not.”
2. so與not可用來代替if 后面的從句
例1:Are you free this evening? If so, come and have a drink with us.
例2:Are you busy this afternoon? If not, I wish you would stay with me for a while.
3.用it, this, that, such作為替代詞
例1:If you don’t work hard, you’ll regret it. (regret it = regret not working hard)
例2:He was very tired. This explains why he went to bed early.
例3:You’re trying to cut with the back of the knife; that’s a silly thing to do.
例4:I may hurt your feelings, but such (= that) was certainly not my intention.
四、狀語的替代
1.時(shí)間狀語的替代形式主要用副詞then
例如:We saw John at eight on Monday evening. We told him then that we could be coming to the party.
2.地點(diǎn)狀語的替代形式主要用副詞here和there
例如:Mary is in London and John is there too.
It和that有時(shí)也可以用作地點(diǎn)狀語的替代形式,這種場(chǎng)合的it和that在句中作主語,并可同there交換使用,謂語動(dòng)詞是聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞。
例如:They sat right in front of the stage. That / it / There was where the noise was greatest.
3.方式狀語的替代形式用in that way和like that
例如:“She plays the piano with great concentration and with great energy.” “I’m afraid she doesn’t study like that.”
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