分詞作狀語(yǔ)用法歸納總結(jié)
分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞 和過(guò)去分詞 兩種,是一種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 形式?,F(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞主要差別在于:現(xiàn)在分詞表示“主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行”,過(guò)去分詞表示“被動(dòng)和完成”(不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞不表示被動(dòng),只表示完成)。分詞可以有自己的狀語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ) 或邏輯主語(yǔ)等?!∫韵率切【帪榇蠹艺淼姆衷~的用法總結(jié),希望能幫助大家更好地認(rèn)識(shí)分詞,提高英語(yǔ)水平。
一、現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有以下三種情況:
1.分詞動(dòng)作一發(fā)生,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作緊跟著發(fā)生,這時(shí)用現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),其邏輯主語(yǔ)為句中的主語(yǔ)。常用的動(dòng)詞,如:hear, see, arrive, return, get to, look, open, close, leave, turn around, walk等,表示一個(gè)極短暫動(dòng)作。
此種情況可以換作on+動(dòng)名詞,表示相同的意思。譯作"一(剛)……就……"。
此種情況也可以換作是when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,該從句的動(dòng)詞多用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示。 如:Hearing their teacher's voice, the pupils stopped talking at once.(= On hearing their teacher's voice… = When they heard their teacher's voice, the pupils…)一聽(tīng)到教師的聲音,學(xué)生們立即停止講話。
2.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作過(guò)程之中,則用when /while+現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式,分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)為句中的主語(yǔ)。此種情況可以用in+動(dòng)名詞的一般式代替。也可以換作when、while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,該從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。如:
Don't be careless when /while having an exam. = Don't be careless in having an exam. = Don't be careless when / while you are having an exam. 考試時(shí)不要粗心。
注:此結(jié)構(gòu)中,不能用其他連接詞替換when或while。
3.分詞所表示的動(dòng)作完成之后,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作才發(fā)生,則要現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式,即having done的形式。分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)是句中的主語(yǔ)。
這種情況可以用after+動(dòng)名詞的一般式表示。
這種情況也可以用after /when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句來(lái)替換,該從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成式。 如:Having finished his homework the boy was allowed to watch TV play.
After having finished his homework, the boy…
After /when he had finished his homework, the boy…
二、現(xiàn)在分詞在句中作原因狀語(yǔ)
1.分詞短語(yǔ)在句中作原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí),相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)一樣,也要注意分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系。當(dāng)分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí),用分詞的一般形式。此時(shí)分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)須是句中的主語(yǔ)。這樣的原因狀語(yǔ)可以換成because, as引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ),該從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
Not knowing how to work out the difficult physics problem, he asked the teacher for help.
因?yàn)椴恢廊绾谓膺@道物理難題,他求助老師。
= Because he didn't know how to work out the difficult physics problem, he asked…help.
2.當(dāng)分詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前,可以用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式在句中作原因狀語(yǔ),其邏輯主語(yǔ)須為句中的主語(yǔ),該短語(yǔ)的作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。該從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞須用完成時(shí)。如:
Having lived with the girl for 5 years, we all know her very well.
= Because we have lived with the girl for 5 years, we all know her very well.因?yàn)榕c那個(gè)女孩一起生活了五年,我們都非常了解她。
三、現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)在句中可以作條件狀語(yǔ),其邏輯主語(yǔ)須為句中的主語(yǔ),該短語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。
Working hard, you'll succeed. = If you work hard, you'll succeed. 如果你努力工作,你會(huì)成功的。
Turning to the left, you will find the path leading to the park.
= If you turn to the left, you will find the path leading to the park.如果轉(zhuǎn)向左邊,你將找到通向公園的小道。
四、分詞短語(yǔ)在句中作讓步狀語(yǔ)
分詞短語(yǔ)在句中作讓步狀語(yǔ)時(shí),相當(dāng)于一個(gè)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,有時(shí)分詞前可以帶有連接詞although, whether, even if, even though。
現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作讓步狀語(yǔ),分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)是句中的主語(yǔ),變成狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),需用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
Weighing almost one hundred jin the stone was moved by him alone.
= Although the stone weighted almost one hundred jin, it was moved by him alone. 雖然那塊石頭重將近一百斤,他一個(gè)人就把它挪動(dòng)了。
五、分詞短語(yǔ)在句中作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)
現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)在句中可以作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ),它的邏輯主語(yǔ)便是句中的主語(yǔ),該短語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句,且用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。分詞短語(yǔ)在句中作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)時(shí),通常位于句末,中間有逗號(hào)。有時(shí)為了加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣,就在分詞前加thus。
Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay.
= Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus it caused the delay. 他們的車遇上交通阻塞,因而耽誤了。
六、分詞短語(yǔ)在句中表示方式或伴隨情況
分詞短語(yǔ)表示方式或伴隨情況是比較常見(jiàn)的。它用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的背景或情況。一般情況下,現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,它的邏輯主語(yǔ)就是句中的主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作為主要?jiǎng)幼?,而現(xiàn)在分詞表示一個(gè)陪襯動(dòng)作,它沒(méi)有相應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)從句可以轉(zhuǎn)換,但可以用并列句來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)換。過(guò)去分詞可以說(shuō)明謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的背景。過(guò)去分詞與其邏輯主語(yǔ)之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。如:
The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily.
The children laughed and talked merrily, and they ran out of the room. 那些孩子們跑出房間,愉快地笑著、說(shuō)著。
Helped by their teacher, the students finished the task successfully. 在老師的幫助下,學(xué)生們成功地完成了任務(wù)。
If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.
-> Given more attention,the trees could have grown better.
假如多給些照顧,那些樹(shù)會(huì)長(zhǎng)得更好。
As I didn't receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.
-> Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.
由于沒(méi)有收到他的信,我給他打了電話。
典型例題
1)_____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. Having been followed
答案B. Napoleon 與follow 之間有被動(dòng)的含義。being followed除表達(dá)被動(dòng)之外,還有動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行之意。 followed by(被…跟隨)。本題可改為:
With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army.
2)_______, liquids can be changed into gases.
A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat
答案C. 本題要選一分詞作為狀語(yǔ)?,F(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng),正在進(jìn)行的;過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng)的,已經(jīng)完成的。對(duì)于液體來(lái)說(shuō)是加熱的受動(dòng)者,是被動(dòng)的,因而選C。它相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句 When it is heated,…
3)There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed
答案B. 由于聲音在閃電后,因此為聲跟隨著光,聲音為跟隨的發(fā)出者,為主動(dòng)。用現(xiàn)在分詞。
注意: 選擇現(xiàn)在分詞還是過(guò)去分詞,關(guān)鍵看主句的主語(yǔ)。如分詞的動(dòng)作是主句的主語(yǔ)發(fā)出,分詞就選用現(xiàn)在分詞,反之就用過(guò)去分詞。
(Being ) used for a long time, the book looks old.
由于用了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,這本書看上去很舊。
Using the book, I find it useful.