獨立主格結構的用法總結
以下是小編為大家整理的獨立主格結構的用法,希望能幫助大家更好地認識獨立主格結構,提高英語水平。
一、 獨立主格結構的含義和實質
“獨立主格結構”(absolute construction)又叫“獨立結構”,是帶有自己主語的非謂語動詞分句和無動詞分句。由于在語法上有自己的邏輯主語,結構上與主句不發(fā)生關系,因此傳統(tǒng)語法叫做“獨立主格結構”。其實,所謂“獨立主格結構”并非真正獨立,它還是一種從屬分句,與主句緊密聯(lián)系在一起,共同表達一個完整的意思,通常在句中起狀語分句的作用。獨立主格結構可放于句首、句尾,用逗號和主句隔開。
二、 獨立主格結構的基本形式和功能
獨立主格結構可以分為兩部分:一部分是名詞或代詞,起邏輯主語的作用;另一部分是非謂語動詞分句(現在分詞、過去分詞、不定式)或無動詞分句(名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語),表示前面名詞或代詞的動作或狀態(tài)。
基本形式是:名詞普通格/代詞主格+現在分詞/過去分詞/不定式/名詞/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語,with引導的復合結構。
1. 名詞/代詞+ 現在分詞
現在分詞表示前面的名詞或代詞主動進行的動作或狀態(tài)等。
例
His homework having been done, Tom went to sleep.
So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off.
The man lay there, his hands trembling.
注:“獨立結構”中的being或 having been 有時可以省去,這樣就成了無動詞分句或過去分詞分句。
2. 名詞/代詞+過去分詞
過去分詞表示前面的名詞或代詞被動完成的動作或所處的一種狀態(tài)。
例 The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.
Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move.
The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film.
后面兩個句子也可以看成省略掉了having been,being。如果加上,這兩個句子就又變成了現在分詞分句。
3. 名詞/代詞+不定式
不定式表示的是將來的動作。
例He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food.
These are the first two books, the third one to come out next month.
We shall get together at 7:30, the procession(游行) to start moving at 8 sharp.
4. 名詞/代詞+名詞
名詞一般做前面名詞或代詞的同位語。
例 Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.
He fought the tiger,a stick his only weapon.
5. 名詞/代詞+形容詞短語
形容詞(短語)說明前面名詞或代詞的性質,狀態(tài),原因等。
例The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside for a while.
I heard that she got injured in the accident, my heart full of sorry.
這兩個句子也可以看成是省略了being,如果加上,就變成了現在分詞分句。
6. 名詞/代詞+副詞
副詞說明前面名詞或代詞的狀態(tài)。
例 The meeting over, we all went home.
He sat at the table, head down.
Nobody in, he left a message on the board.
7. 名詞/代詞+介詞短語
介詞短語說明伴隨前面名詞或代詞的方式或者狀態(tài)。
例 The teacher came in, a book under his arm.
The hunter entered the forest, gun in hand.
Nobody at home, the thief took a lot of things away.
8. with引導的復合結構, 也可以認為是一種獨立主格結構
例 A woman got on the bus with a baby around her arms.
The teacher came in with several students following behind.
With a lot of things to deal with, he will have a difficult time.
Mary rushed out of the house with the door open.
With the work done, he went out to eat.
He left the office with the lights on.
三、 學習獨立主格結構應注意的一些問題
1. 獨立主格結構中分句和主句的主語不一致
從以上例子我們可以看出,含有獨立主格結構的句子,前后主語是不一致的,這也是獨立主格結構和非謂語分句作狀語的最重要區(qū)別。
例 (1) Hearing the news, he was very excited.
(2) Winter coming, it gets colder and colder.
在這兩個句子里,第一個句子,前后的主語是一致的,都是he, 也就是說動詞hear的動作發(fā)出者是主語he , 因此它是一個現在分詞短語作狀語表示原因的句子;而第二個句子,我們可以發(fā)現,有兩個主語,第一個是動詞come 的邏輯主語winter, 而第二個主語是句子真正的主語it,非謂語動詞coming 和it 之間沒有任何關系,因此它是一個獨立主格結構。
2. 在獨立主格結構中,動詞是用現在分詞還是過去分詞
一般來說如果邏輯主語和動詞之間是主謂關系,用現在分詞。如:Time permitting, we will go out to play.一句中,time 和 permit 之間是邏輯上的主謂關系--- “時間允許”,因此用現在分詞。 如果邏輯主語和動詞之間是動賓關系,并且有被動的意思,用過去分詞。如:“More time given,we should have done it better. ”一句中,time 和give 之間的關系是動賓關系,有被動的意思---“如果被給更多時間”,因此用過去分詞。
3. 獨立主格結構相當于一個狀語從句
獨立主格結構不是一個句子,而是相當于一個狀語從句,可以表示時間、原因、條件、方式和伴隨情況等。
例 Work done, John went home.相當于一個表示時間的狀語從句:When the work has been done, John went home.
例There being no buses, we had to walk home.相當于一個表示原因的狀語從句:Because there are no buses, we had to walk home.
4. 完成時態(tài)的運用
在獨立主格結構中如果強調分詞的時間發(fā)生在主句動作時間之前,常用現在分詞的完成時態(tài)having done, 根據情況確定是用主動還是被動。
例
The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.
His wallet having been stolen, he didn’t know what to do next.
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