名師詳細(xì)分析2016考研英語一翻譯真題
近年來,英譯漢的試題難度在加大,主要體現(xiàn)在比較復(fù)雜的文章和句子結(jié)構(gòu)比重加大。五個(gè)劃線句子中,一般會(huì)有1—2個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句,3—4個(gè)復(fù)合句;其中復(fù)合句存在多個(gè)從句嵌套的現(xiàn)象,對(duì)考生造成一定理解和表達(dá)難度,簡(jiǎn)單句也因修飾成分繁多、含有抽象意義的詞,存在省略和指代等而加大難度。因此,這五個(gè)句子要么語法結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,要么邏輯關(guān)系繁復(fù),并且這一現(xiàn)象歷年來有增無減,今年也不會(huì)例外。所以建議2012的考生在備考的時(shí)候應(yīng)該把更多的精力真正的放在扎扎實(shí)實(shí)提高自身英語語言能力、提高對(duì)于文章長(zhǎng)難句和段落邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)的把握上。在打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的語言能力基礎(chǔ)上,再加上一定的應(yīng)試技巧和策略,才能真正在考研英語中取得好成績(jī)。
名師詳細(xì)分析2016考研英語一翻譯真題
One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its inteyrity, they are entitled to continuance.
When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it we invent excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbiras were supposed to be disappearing. 46)Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distimctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. The evideuce had to be economic in order to be valid.
It is pamful to read these round about accounts today.We have no land ethic yet, 47)but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.
A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. 48)Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless species.
Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly or have too low a sale value to pay as timber crops. 49)In europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such ,within reason.
To sum up:a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. 50)It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts, It tends to relegate to government many functions eventually too large, too complex, or too widely dispersed to be performed by government.
46)Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distimctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.
分析:
1.整個(gè)句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是scientists jumped to the rescue,這里有一個(gè)很生動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞jumped,直接翻譯的意思是“跳著”,引申為“趕緊,急忙,迅速采取行動(dòng)”。Rescue是“救援,援助”的意思,所以,即使同學(xué)們不知道“to the rescue”本身是一個(gè)習(xí)慣用法也知道怎么翻譯:科學(xué)家們急忙來挽救這種局面;或者翻譯為,科學(xué)家們迅速趕來救援。
2.With some distinctly shaky evidence是介詞短語作狀語,其中有一個(gè)比較核心的賓語詞evidence(證據(jù)),這個(gè)單詞在考研翻譯20來中考過兩次,分別出現(xiàn)在95年73題和99年的73題。所以介詞with應(yīng)該翻譯為“用,使用”,因?yàn)橄挛馁e語是“證據(jù)”,所以是“使用證據(jù)”,最好不要翻譯為“帶著證據(jù)”。而evidence前面的修飾語distinctly這個(gè)詞,是“清楚地,確實(shí)地,明顯地”,這個(gè)單詞在考研翻譯2003年63題考過,在本句話中,它修飾形容詞shaky。Shaky是動(dòng)詞shake(搖動(dòng))的形容詞,意思是“不穩(wěn)固的,搖晃的”,在本句話中它修飾“證據(jù)”,說明“證據(jù)站不住腳”。
所以這個(gè)部分合起來可以翻譯為:科學(xué)家們使用一些明顯站不住腳的證據(jù),急急忙忙趕來救援?;蛘咭部梢灾苯臃g為:科學(xué)家們迅速趕來挽救這種局面,他們使用的證據(jù)明顯站不住腳。
3.to the effect that... 這個(gè)短語是整個(gè)句子最難翻譯的部分。Effect這個(gè)詞倒不難,考研翻譯考過了很多次,還考過這個(gè)單詞的不同形式的詞性,比如effective。但遺憾的是,大多數(shù)同學(xué)幾乎沒有掌握這個(gè)短語的意思是“with the meaning”,翻譯成漢語就是:“大意是,意思是說...”這樣的意思。
4.insects would eat us up of birds failed to control them是to the effect that...所帶的從句,本身也是一個(gè)復(fù)雜句,但是很好翻譯,結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,意義清晰。但是必須要指出兩點(diǎn)。其一,eat us up,可以直譯為“把我們吃光”,因?yàn)闈h語語言本身不具有邏輯,比如漢語我們可以說“他今天把我吃垮了——言下之意是:我請(qǐng)客,他今天吃得夠猛,價(jià)格還很貴”;所以這個(gè)譯文應(yīng)該是正確的。但是“蟲子是不能吃人的”,所以我以為最好翻譯為:吃光一切東西。其二,fail這個(gè)詞,千萬不要翻譯為“失敗”,可以翻譯為“不能做...”。當(dāng)然,代詞them術(shù)語第三人稱代詞,最好指代明確,它指的是前面的這些“蟲子”。
參考譯文:
科學(xué)家們迅速趕來挽救這種局面,他們使用的證據(jù)明顯站不住腳,大意是說:如果鳥不能控制這些蟲子,蟲子就會(huì)吃光一切。
47)but we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.
分析:
1.劃線部分是整個(gè)句子的后半個(gè)并列句,前面還有一個(gè)小句子,意思是說:我們還不具有一種土地倫理意識(shí)。But并列了后半個(gè)句子。We have at least drawn nearer the point是主干部分,比較好翻譯:我們更起碼接近了一點(diǎn),得出了一種觀點(diǎn)。
2.of admitting…是一個(gè)of短語,修飾前面的“觀點(diǎn)”;但是由于admitting后面還帶了一個(gè)很長(zhǎng)的that賓語從句,所以翻譯的時(shí)候,千萬不要把of admitting這個(gè)短語后面部分翻譯到“觀點(diǎn)”前面。這種結(jié)構(gòu),在2008年46題也出現(xiàn)過,也是我在09年年度的強(qiáng)化沖刺等班上強(qiáng)調(diào)得比較多的一點(diǎn)問題??梢灾苯影裲f…后面部分翻譯在“觀點(diǎn)”后面,用一個(gè)冒號(hào)隔開即可。
3.that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right是本句最難翻譯的部分,關(guān)鍵有一個(gè)intrinsic這個(gè)單詞,可能好多同學(xué)不認(rèn)識(shí),它是“本身的,固有的,內(nèi)在的”等意思。這個(gè)單詞是出題人改寫出來的。大家可以看到,我昨天提供的李?yuàn)W帕多寫的《沙郡歲月》原書中不是用的這個(gè)詞,這個(gè)句子在這里有很大的改寫。稍微回朔一下原文就知道,在第一段就出現(xiàn)了“Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and…”,所以這里的鳥類的固有權(quán)利是指其“固有的作為一種生物物種的權(quán)利”。這樣的話,這個(gè)部分就可以翻譯為:鳥類應(yīng)該繼續(xù)享有其作為一種生物物種固有的權(quán)利。
4.regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us,是一個(gè)regardless of…所帶的短語做狀語。Economic advantage to us是指“對(duì)我們來說,(鳥類)具有的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值”。單詞advantage,在考研翻譯90年和08年都考過,有“優(yōu)勢(shì)”的意思。這里直譯成“經(jīng)濟(jì)優(yōu)勢(shì)”,我認(rèn)為也是可以接受的。而Presence or absence則比較簡(jiǎn)單,字面意思是“出現(xiàn)或者缺失”,下文說的是“這種經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值的(出現(xiàn)或者缺失)”,所以最好引申為“是否具有經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值”。
參考譯文:
但是,我們更起碼接近了一點(diǎn),得出了一種觀點(diǎn),即:承認(rèn)鳥類應(yīng)該繼續(xù)享有其作為一種生物物種的權(quán)利,不管它們是否對(duì)我們具有經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。
48)Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless species.
1.Time was when...,就這三個(gè)詞,可能就有點(diǎn)讓考生擔(dān)心。其實(shí)關(guān)系部大:可以直接翻譯為:當(dāng)時(shí),有一段時(shí)間是...。如果稍微看看上下文會(huì)更清楚time was when的內(nèi)涵。上文說:A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds.“有一種相似的情況存在......”。所以,這里的time was when...是想指出“在那段時(shí)間,相似的情形是...”。當(dāng)然,我們一般認(rèn)為time was when是一種非正式用語,它等于there was time when...,比如:Time was when my wife loved me passionately. Now she doesn't even cook for me.(曾幾何時(shí),我媳婦兒也曾深深地愛著我,現(xiàn)在,他連飯都不給我做。)所以,time was when翻譯為:曾幾何時(shí),曾經(jīng)有那么一段時(shí)間,等等,都是很不錯(cuò)的。
2.biologists somewhat overworked the evidence,核心動(dòng)詞是overwork,比較難翻譯。如果直接翻譯的話是“工作過多,浪費(fèi)時(shí)間過多”。但是考慮到下文是“證據(jù)”,所以,肯定不能說:對(duì)證據(jù)工作得太多;但是基本上可以說:浪費(fèi)在證據(jù)上的時(shí)間太多。結(jié)合46題,我們就知道,跟證據(jù)最搭配的動(dòng)詞是“使用證據(jù)”,所以overwork當(dāng)然輕松的就解決了,意思是“使用證據(jù)太多”,翻譯為:濫用證據(jù)。故整個(gè)小句子翻譯為:生物學(xué)家有點(diǎn)濫用證據(jù)。
結(jié)合下文that...,很顯然下文是對(duì)證據(jù)的進(jìn)一步敘述,指出是什么證據(jù),在語法上是兩個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句。所以上文“曾幾何時(shí),生物學(xué)家有點(diǎn)濫用證據(jù)”,最好翻譯到整個(gè)句子后面,為了清除的敘述是什么證據(jù)。
3.That these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak是that引導(dǎo)的第一個(gè)并列同位語從句補(bǔ)充說明前面的evidence。核心動(dòng)詞是preserve,后面接一個(gè)by介詞短語充當(dāng)方式狀語。所以,基本結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該翻譯為:這些生物通過...來保存...。有一個(gè)難點(diǎn)就是preserve這個(gè)動(dòng)詞的賓語the health of game的翻譯,其一,game這個(gè)詞肯定不能翻譯為“游戲”,而是這些生物的“獵物”;所以preserve the health of game可以直接翻譯為“保持獵物的健康(狀態(tài))”。其二,這里有點(diǎn)令人費(fèi)解:為什么要“保持獵物的健康”?通過下文,不難看出:這些生物通過獵殺“the physically weak(體質(zhì)上比較弱的獵物)”,就保留了那些相對(duì)“強(qiáng)的”獵物,以保存其食物鏈上獵物的健康。所以,這個(gè)句子可以翻譯為:這些生物通過獵殺弱者來保持獵物的健康狀態(tài)。
4.or that they prey only on “worthless species是or并列的第二個(gè)that同位語從句。其中代詞they指的是creatures(這些生物),prey是“捕食”的意思。真?zhèn)€句子翻譯為:這些生物捕食的僅僅是“毫無意義的物種”。引號(hào),原文有,直接套用英語的形式,加在漢語上即可。
參考譯文:
有一種證據(jù)認(rèn)為,這些生物通過獵殺弱者來保存獵物的健康狀態(tài),或者說,這些生物捕殺的只不過是“毫無意義的物種”;曾幾何時(shí),生物學(xué)家有點(diǎn)濫用這種證據(jù)。
49)In europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-comercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such ,within reason.
1.該句話是本年度最簡(jiǎn)單的一道題。
In europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced是一個(gè)where引導(dǎo)的定語從句,修飾前面的地點(diǎn)歐洲??梢灾苯臃g為:在歐洲,其林業(yè)在生態(tài)上更加發(fā)達(dá)。
2.the non-comercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community是整個(gè)復(fù)合句的主句部分,核心動(dòng)詞是...are recognized as...非常簡(jiǎn)單的被動(dòng)態(tài)。主語non-commercial tree species可以直接翻譯為:非經(jīng)濟(jì)類林木,其實(shí)就是“公益林”。native forest community是“原始森林群落”的意思,其中commnunity一般翻譯為“社區(qū)”,這里指生物學(xué)上的“群落”。所以,這個(gè)句子可以直譯為:非經(jīng)濟(jì)類林木被認(rèn)為是原始森林群落的成員。但是考慮到主語是“林木”,所以說“成員”比較不符合習(xí)慣,調(diào)整為“原始森林群落的一部分”。
3.To be preserved as such, within reason是狀語。其中as such是“同樣”的意思。整個(gè)狀語部分很簡(jiǎn)單,原文直接在后面敘述,漢語譯文也可以一樣出來:同樣應(yīng)該受到保護(hù),在合理的范圍內(nèi)。也可以翻譯為:同樣應(yīng)該受到合理的保護(hù)。
參考譯文:
在歐洲,其林業(yè)在生態(tài)上更加發(fā)達(dá),公益林木被認(rèn)為是原始森林群落的一部分,同樣應(yīng)該得到合理保護(hù)。
50)It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.
本句話也比較簡(jiǎn)單。
It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate是整個(gè)句子的主干部分。核心動(dòng)詞是tend to...,同時(shí)and連接了兩個(gè)不定式to ignore和to eliminate。首先,代詞it在整個(gè)句子的主語部分,最好指代明確??瓷衔腡o sum up:a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided.(總之,一個(gè)僅僅建立在利己基礎(chǔ)上的保護(hù)系統(tǒng)是非常平衡的)就知道,it應(yīng)該指的是上文的這種觀點(diǎn)。所以,It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate...,可以翻譯為“這種觀點(diǎn)有可能會(huì)忽視,并且因此最終會(huì)消除...”。
many elements in the land community是上述主干中ignore和eliminate這兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞的賓語。比較簡(jiǎn)單,可以直接翻譯為:土地群落中的很多因素。
that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning是but并列的兩個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語從句,修飾上文的many elements。由于這個(gè)定語從句后面還帶了一個(gè)并列句,所以可以后置翻譯,采用重復(fù)先行詞的方式。所以,that lack commercial value可以直接翻譯為:這些因素缺乏商業(yè)價(jià)值。but that are essential to its healthy functioning是第二個(gè)that定語從句。其中to its healthy functioning是指“對(duì)于土地的健康運(yùn)作而言”。“健康運(yùn)作”這個(gè)翻譯是完全可以的,我習(xí)慣翻譯為“健康機(jī)制”。所以,后面第二個(gè)定語從句可以直接翻譯為:但是對(duì)土地的健康機(jī)制而言,他們卻至關(guān)重要。
參考譯文:
這種觀點(diǎn)很可能會(huì)忽視,因而最終會(huì)消除土地群落里的很多重要因素,雖然這些要素缺乏商業(yè)價(jià)值,但對(duì)土地的健康機(jī)制而言,他們卻至關(guān)重要。
名師詳細(xì)分析2016考研英語一翻譯真題
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