無(wú)論什么英語(yǔ)閱讀考試，有一個(gè)問(wèn)題始終會(huì)有所爭(zhēng)議——先看文章，還是先看題目。有些考生是先把文章精讀一遍再去看題目，而有些考生是先瀏覽題目，再看文章。孰是孰非，爭(zhēng)論不休。

 

　　Privately held companies are voluntarily adding more scrutiny, as well. In a recent survey that drew responses from 1400 CFOs in such businesses, 58 percent said they are responding to new corporate-governance standards. Of those, 36 percent are creating or expanding internal auditing, according to Robert HALF management Resources. An American company with $3 billion to $4 billion in revenue typically has about 16 internal auditors. The job is often a training ground for future management positions, but those who stay in the field and become directors earn an average of just under $100,000. The IIA offers certification for internal auditors, but many firms do not require it.

 

　　參考譯文：

 

　　私營(yíng)公司現(xiàn)在也開始更加注重企業(yè)的內(nèi)部審計(jì)工作。調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示，一項(xiàng)對(duì)1400位公司首席財(cái)務(wù)執(zhí)行官的調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示，有58%的企業(yè)正在采取措施以符合系的公司管理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的要求。當(dāng)然，根據(jù)羅伯特哈夫管理資源公司(Robert HALF management Resources )的說(shuō)法，36%的公司正在建立或是加大內(nèi)部審計(jì)工作的力度。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，營(yíng)業(yè)額在30億到40億美元的一個(gè)美國(guó)公司就會(huì)有16個(gè)內(nèi)部審計(jì)員。這種職位通常都是晉升為管理階層的一個(gè)過(guò)渡，但是從事此項(xiàng)工作并最終成為主管的人員年薪都可達(dá)到100,000美元左右。IIA負(fù)責(zé)頒發(fā)內(nèi)部審計(jì)員資格證書，但很多公司其實(shí)并不需要這種認(rèn)證。

 

　　這段話的每一句的含義，我們現(xiàn)在都了解了。很明顯，這段話最大的特點(diǎn)是幾乎每句話都出現(xiàn)了具體的數(shù)字。那么作者寫這段話的目的是什么呢，是要強(qiáng)調(diào)這些數(shù)字的重要性嗎顯然不是。這些數(shù)字本身并沒(méi)有什么實(shí)際意義。提出這些數(shù)字的目的，只是為了體現(xiàn)出“私營(yíng)公司現(xiàn)在也開始更加注重企業(yè)的內(nèi)部審計(jì)工作”。大家可以體會(huì)一下是不是這樣。

 

　　顯然，第一句話是全段的核心，其他句子都是從某一個(gè)側(cè)面支持或論證這句話的。

 

　　我們來(lái)梳理一下閱讀這段話給我們的啟示。

 

　　段落由兩個(gè)部分組成，即重要的內(nèi)容，和次要的內(nèi)容。

 

　　我們以后可以把重要的內(nèi)容叫做主題，而次要的內(nèi)容叫做支持性的細(xì)節(jié)。因?yàn)檠潘伎荚囬喿x部分的文章都是論說(shuō)文，即以說(shuō)理為主，說(shuō)明為輔。

 

　　我們先來(lái)看一下主題句的特點(diǎn)：

 

　　內(nèi)容：一般比較抽象概括

 

　　位置：一般出現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)位置的可能性最大：每段話的開頭和結(jié)尾。

 

　　通常而言，主題句就是一段話的第一句。后面的句子一般為支持性的細(xì)節(jié)，以解釋、發(fā)展或是支持主題句所表現(xiàn)的主要論點(diǎn)。

 

　　The recent string of corporate scandals provided a rude awakening to the importance of these internal checks. In the case of WorldCom, it was internal auditor Cynthia Cooper who blew the whistle on the company for inflating profits by $3.8 billion. She didn’t intend to be a hero, she said to Time magazine when it named her one of its Persons of the Year. She was just doing her job.

 

　　Chief constables had disapproved of the use of league tables. They complained that they provoked unfair criticism because they did not compare like with like. Mr. Denham said the graphs were easier to comprehend than tables. “As people get familiar” with this type of graphical presentation they will realize it contains a lot of data that can be understood after an initial glance. “ The spidergrams are based on five indicators: reducing crime, investigation crime, public safety, deployment of resources and the view of a focus group of local citizens.

 

　　有時(shí)候主題句也會(huì)出現(xiàn)在整段話的最后。這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)安排，通常出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)討論困難的、不為大眾所接受的話題或者文章的主要目的是為了說(shuō)服讀者接受某種結(jié)論的段落中。因?yàn)橄劝训览碚f(shuō)清楚，那么讀者就會(huì)比較容易接受新的觀點(diǎn)和看法。

 

　　If the wind becomes gusty after a period of calm, you should seek shelter. The sky needs careful watching too. Gradual darkening and “boiling” clouds should quicken your pace. Lightening and thunder are common enough storm indicators, but few people realize that the brightness of the lightening is not nearly as important as the number of lightning flashes. The signs of an oncoming storm are many, and a person’s life may depend on his ability to interpret them,

 

　　主題句也可能在段落當(dāng)中:

 

　　From one perspective, this huge customer base represents a hair-raising social liability. Surgical and hospital costs fro regular heart transplants run as high as $500,000. these procedures haven’t burdened the medical system so far – but only because the supply of transplantable hearts has been limited to about 2000 a year. Abiomed plans to price its heart between $75000 and $10000 initially, and with volume production, the price could fall as low as $10000. However, even at the lower price, artificial hearts are an issue that will lead into moral quicksands, says medical ethicist David Steinberg of the Lahey Clinic in Burlington, Mass. What happens, Steinberg muses, “if heart replacement – and intervention directly and visibly linked to who will live and who will die—becomes available only to those who can afford it