研究生英語(yǔ)作文范文
研究生英語(yǔ)作文范文
為了在不久的將來(lái)，成為一名會(huì)英語(yǔ)的研究生，我們從現(xiàn)在就開(kāi)始看英語(yǔ)作文積累詞匯。下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編給大家整理的研究生英語(yǔ)作文范文，供大家參閱!
研究生英語(yǔ)作文范文：Evolution of Sleep
Sleep is very ancient. In the electroencephalographic sense we share it with all the primates and almost all the other mammals and birds: it may extend back as far as the reptiles.
There is some evidence that the two types of sleep, dreaming and dreamless, depend on the life-style of the animal, and that predators are statistically much more likely to dream than prey, which are in turn much more likely to experience dreamless sleep. In dream sleep, the animal is powerfully immobilized and remarkably unresponsive to external stimuli.
Dreamless sleep is much shallower, and we have all witnessed cats or dogs cocking their ears to a sound when apparently fast asleep. The fact that deep dream sleep is rare among prey today seems clearly to be a product of natural selection, and it makes sense that today, when sleep is highly evolved, the stupid animals are less frequently immobilized by deep sleep than the smart ones. But why should they sleep deeply at all? Why should a state of such deep immobilization ever have evolved? Perhaps one useful hint about the original function of sleep is to be found in the fact that dolphins and whales and aquatic mammals in general seem to sleep very little. There is, by and large, no place to hide in the ocean. Could it be that, rather than increasing an animal's vulnerability, the function of sleep is to decrease it? Wilse Webb of the University of Florida and Ray Meddis of London University have suggested this to be the case. It is conceivable that animals who are too stupid to be quiet on their own initiative are, during periods of high risk, immobilized by the implacable arm of sleep. The point seems particularly clear for the young of predatory animals. This is an interesting notion and probably at least partly true.
全文翻譯：
睡眠的進(jìn)化
睡眠是古老的。 從腦電圖上看，我們?nèi)祟惡退徐`長(zhǎng)目動(dòng)物以及幾乎所有的哺乳動(dòng)物 和鳥(niǎo)類都一樣需要睡眠;甚至爬行類動(dòng)物也有睡眠。 有證據(jù)顯示，有夢(mèng)睡眠和無(wú)夢(mèng)睡眠這兩種類型的睡眠取決于該動(dòng)物的生活方式。 從統(tǒng)計(jì)上看，食肉動(dòng)物比被捕食動(dòng)物有更多的 有夢(mèng)睡眠，而被捕食動(dòng)物更多地?zé)o夢(mèng)睡眠。
動(dòng)物在有夢(mèng)睡眠時(shí)，被有效地解除動(dòng)作能力， 并且對(duì)外界刺激缺乏反應(yīng)。 無(wú)夢(mèng)睡眠則要淺得多。 我們都看到過(guò)貓和狗在顯然的酣睡中， 有一點(diǎn)響動(dòng)耳朵就會(huì)豎起來(lái)。 被捕食動(dòng)物很少有深度的有夢(mèng)睡眠，這看來(lái)顯然是自然選擇 的結(jié)果。
而且這一點(diǎn)是有道理的：當(dāng)睡眠高度進(jìn)化以后，愚笨的動(dòng)物比聰明的動(dòng)物更少在 深度睡眠狀態(tài)下喪失動(dòng)作能力。
但是動(dòng)物為什么要進(jìn)入深度睡眠呢?為什么這樣的無(wú)動(dòng)作狀 態(tài)也會(huì)進(jìn)化出來(lái)呢? 海豚、鯨魚(yú)以及水生哺乳動(dòng)物睡眠都極少，這一事實(shí)可以給睡眠的根本 功能提供有用的線索。 海洋中是沒(méi)有藏身之處的。 會(huì)不會(huì)是這樣，睡眠不但不增加動(dòng)物受 傷害的可能性，反而是減少了這種可能性呢?佛羅里達(dá)大學(xué)的 Wilse Webb 和倫敦大學(xué)的 Ray Meddis 認(rèn)為情況就是如此。 可以想像得出，在危險(xiǎn)的時(shí)刻，那些由于太愚笨而不能自動(dòng)保 持安靜的動(dòng)物，會(huì)不由自主地變得動(dòng)彈不得。 這一點(diǎn)在食肉動(dòng)物的幼獸身上表現(xiàn)得特別明 顯。 這是一個(gè)很有意思的看法，它至少部分是正確的。
研究生英語(yǔ)作文范文：The Historical Significance of American Revolution
The ways of history are so intricate and the motivations of human actions so complex that it is always hazardous to attempt to represent events covering a number of years, a multiplicity of persons, and distant localities as the expression of one intellectual or social movement; yet the historical process which culminated in the ascent of Thomas Jefferson to the presidency can be regarded as the outstanding example not only of the birth of a new way of life but of nationalism as a new way of life. The American Revolution represents the link between the seventeenth century, in which modern England became conscious of itself, and the awakening of modern Europe at the end of the eighteenth century. It may seem strange that the march of history should have had to cross the Atlantic Ocean, but only in the North American colonies could a struggle for civic liberty lead also to the foundation of a new nation.
Here, in the popular rising against a "tyrannical" government, the fruits were more than the securing of a freer constitution. They included the growth of a nation born in liberty by the will of the people, not from the roots of common descent, a geographic entity, or the ambitions of king or dynasty. With the American nation, for the first time, a nation was born,
not in the dim past of history but before the eyes of the whole world.
全文翻譯：美國(guó)革命的歷史意義
歷史的進(jìn)程是如此錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜，人類行為的動(dòng)機(jī)是如此令人費(fèi)解，以至于想把那些時(shí)間跨度大，涉及人數(shù)多，空間范圍廣的事件描述成為一個(gè)智者或一場(chǎng)社會(huì)運(yùn)動(dòng)的表現(xiàn)的企圖是危 險(xiǎn)的。 然而以托馬斯·杰弗遜登上總統(tǒng)寶座為高潮的那一段歷史過(guò)程可以被視為一個(gè)特殊 的例子。
在這段歷史時(shí)期里不僅誕生了新的生活方式，而且民族主義成為了一種新的生活 方式。 美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)成為聯(lián)結(jié) 17 世紀(jì)現(xiàn)代英格蘭的自我意識(shí)和 18 世紀(jì)末現(xiàn)代歐洲的覺(jué)醒 的紐帶。 歷史的行程需要跨越大西洋，這看起來(lái)似乎有些奇怪，但卻只有在北美殖民地為 民權(quán)和自由的斗爭(zhēng)才能導(dǎo)致新國(guó)家的建立。
這里，反對(duì)"暴政"的民眾起義的成果不僅是獲 得一個(gè)包含更多自由的憲法，還包括了一個(gè)依照人民的意愿誕生在自由中的國(guó)家的成長(zhǎng)。這 個(gè)國(guó)家不是基于血緣、地理、君主或王朝的野心。 由于有了美國(guó)，第一次一個(gè)國(guó)家的誕生不是發(fā)生在歷史模糊的過(guò)去，而是在全世界人們的眼前。
研究生英語(yǔ)作文范文：Children's Numerical Skills
People appear to be born to compute. The numerical skills of children develop so early and so inexorably that it is easy to imagine an internal clock of mathematical maturity guiding their growth. Not long after learning to walk and talk, they can set the table with impressive accuracy-- one knife, one spoon, one fork, for each of the five chairs. Soon they are capable of noting that they have placed five knives, spoons and forks on the table and, a bit later, that this amounts to fifteen pieces of silverware. Having thus mastered addition, they move on to subtraction. It seems almost reasonable to expect that if a child were secluded on a desert island at birth and retrieved seven years later, he or she could enter a second-grade mathematics class without any serious problems of intellectual adjustment.
Of course, the truth is not so simple. This century, the work of cognitive psychologists has illuminated the subtle forms of daily learning on which intellectual progress depends. Children were observed as they slowly grasped -- or, as the case might be, bumped into -- concepts that adults take for granted, as they refused, for instance, to concede that quantity is unchanged as water pours from a short stout glass into a tall thin one.
Psychologists have since demonstrated that young children, asked to count the pencils in a pile, readily report the number of blue or red pencils, but must be coaxed into finding the total. Such studies have suggested that the rudiments of mathematics are mastered gradually, and with effort. They have also suggested that the very concept of abstract numbers - the idea of a oneness, a twoness, a threeness that applies to any class of objects and is a prerequisite for doing anything more mathematically demanding than setting a table - is itself far from innate.
全文翻譯：兒童的數(shù)學(xué)能力
人似乎生來(lái)就會(huì)計(jì)算。 孩子們使用數(shù)字的技能發(fā)展得如此之早和如此必然，很容易讓 人想象有一個(gè)內(nèi)在的精確而成熟的數(shù)字鐘在指導(dǎo)他們的成長(zhǎng)。
孩子們?cè)趯W(xué)會(huì)走路和說(shuō)話后 不久，就能以令人驚嘆的準(zhǔn)確布置桌子--五把椅子前面分別擺上一把刀、一個(gè)湯匙、一把叉子。 很快地，他們就能知道他們已在桌面上擺放了五把刀、五個(gè)湯匙、五把叉子。 沒(méi)有多 久，他們就又能知道這些東西加起來(lái)總共是 15 把銀餐具。
如此這般地掌握了加法之后，他 們又轉(zhuǎn)向減法。 有一種設(shè)想幾乎順理成章，那就是，即使一個(gè)孩子一出生就被隔絕到荒島上，七年后返回世間，也能直接上小學(xué)二年級(jí)的數(shù)學(xué)課，而不會(huì)碰到任何智力調(diào)整方面的大 麻煩。當(dāng)然，事實(shí)并沒(méi)有這么簡(jiǎn)單。
本世紀(jì)認(rèn)知心理學(xué)家的工作已經(jīng)揭示了智力發(fā)展所依 賴的日常學(xué)習(xí)的微妙形式。 他們觀察到孩子們緩慢掌握那些成年人認(rèn)為理所當(dāng)然的概念的 過(guò)程，或者是孩子們偶然遇到這些概念的過(guò)程。 他們也觀察到孩子們拒絕承認(rèn)某些常識(shí)的 情況。 比如： 孩子們拒絕承認(rèn)當(dāng)水從短而粗的瓶中倒入細(xì)而長(zhǎng)的瓶子中時(shí)，水的數(shù)量沒(méi)有 變化。 心理學(xué)家們而后又展示一個(gè)例子， 即：讓孩子們數(shù)一堆鉛筆時(shí)，他們能順利地報(bào)出 藍(lán)鉛筆或紅鉛筆的數(shù)目，但卻需誘導(dǎo)才能報(bào)出總的數(shù)目。 此類研究表明：數(shù)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)是經(jīng)過(guò) 逐漸努力后掌握的。
他們還表示抽象的數(shù)字概念，如可表示任何一類物品并且是在做比擺 桌子有更高數(shù)學(xué)要求的任何事時(shí)都必備的一、二、三意識(shí)，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不是天生就具備的。
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