英語(yǔ)考研必讀美文
英語(yǔ)考研必讀美文
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英語(yǔ)考研必讀美文：神奇水
A brain chemical dubbed ‘ the hormone of love ’could encourage wallflowers to become more outgoing at social gatherings, a study shows. Now researchers have found it improves the social skills of the shy-but has little effect on those who are naturally confident. The finding could have implications for those with severe social deficiencies, often apparent in conditions like autism.
一種名叫“愛情荷爾蒙”的大腦刺激藥品能夠幫助害羞的人在社交場(chǎng)合“暢所欲言”。研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)，這個(gè)藥品改進(jìn)了害羞的人的社交技巧，但是對(duì)那些“天生自信”的人卻“收效甚微”。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，藥品對(duì)那些患有嚴(yán)重的社交缺陷的人療效明顯，比如：自閉癥患者。
They conducted a test of 27 healthy adult men, giving them the hormone or a placebo via a nasal spray and then asking them to perform an‘empathetic accuracy task’. This involved watching others discussing emotional moments in their lives, then rating how they felt those people were feeling. The scientists, whose research is published in Psychological Science, also measured the participants’ social competency, using a test known as AQ which is usually used in autistic patients.
研究邀請(qǐng)了27 名健康男性，對(duì)他們進(jìn)行了針對(duì)性測(cè)試。用噴霧給他們“注射”荷爾蒙，進(jìn)而觀察在“強(qiáng)調(diào)準(zhǔn)確性”的任務(wù)中的表現(xiàn)。他們觀察別人談?wù)撋钪屑?dòng)人心的時(shí)刻，實(shí)驗(yàn)再對(duì)他們就他人身上發(fā)生的事情的感受能力打分。研究還對(duì)參與者的“社會(huì)能力”進(jìn)行了測(cè)試，測(cè)試中囊括了一種叫做“逆境商數(shù)”(AQ)的測(cè)驗(yàn)。這種測(cè)驗(yàn)通常用來測(cè)試自閉癥患者。
The more socially comfortable participants performed well on the empathetic accuracy task regardless of whether they were on oxytocin or placebo, but less socially proficient participants performed significantly better on oxytocin, with their empathetic accuracy performance identical to that of the socially proficient participants. Prof Jennifer Bartz, of the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, said: “Oxytocin is widely believed to make all people more empathic and understanding of others. Our study contradicts that. Instead, oxytocin appears to be helpful only for those who are less socially proficient. Our data show that oxytocin selectively improves social cognition in people who are less socially proficient, but had little impact on more socially proficient individuals.”
不管有沒有“催產(chǎn)素”，表現(xiàn)“自信”的人都在“同情心測(cè)試”中表現(xiàn)得很好，但是“不那么自信”的人的表現(xiàn)卻顯著提升，甚至到達(dá)了和“自信”的人一樣的水平。西奈山醫(yī)院的詹妮弗·巴茨教授說：“人們普遍認(rèn)為‘催產(chǎn)素’能使人變得更加有同情心，更能理解別人。但是我們的研究與這種觀點(diǎn)不同。我們認(rèn)為“催產(chǎn)素”對(duì)那些社交能力不強(qiáng)的人很有效果。我們的數(shù)據(jù)顯示“催產(chǎn)素”可以選擇性地改善人們的社交認(rèn)知能力，它對(duì)社交能力不強(qiáng)的人效果很好，但是對(duì)本身就很自信的人沒有什么效果。
英語(yǔ)考研必讀美文：快餐無(wú)辜
A study by academics from the University of California and Northwestern University claimed that “ the causal link between the consumption of restaurant foods and obesity is minimal at best.”
加利福尼亞大學(xué)和西北大學(xué)的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)“快餐食物和肥胖之間并沒有必然聯(lián)系”。
It argued that a tax on high-calorie food, as proposed by many health campaigners in the US and Britain, may therefore not be an effective way for governments to tackle the problem.
在英國(guó)和美國(guó)，眾多的健康人士建議對(duì)高卡路里食物征稅，但是這項(xiàng)研究卻表明這樣做也許并不是政府解決肥胖問題的有效途徑。
The study analyzed data compiled by the US Department of Agriculture on calorie intake around the country. It found that people living closer to restaurants were not significantly more likely to be obese than people living further away, indicating that easy access to restaurants had little effect.
該研究分析了由美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)局統(tǒng)計(jì)的關(guān)于美國(guó)各個(gè)地區(qū)人們卡路里攝入量的數(shù)據(jù)。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)住在餐館附近的人并不比遠(yuǎn)地方的人更加肥胖，這就意味著離快餐店近并不是造成肥胖的直接原因。
It also showed that while restaurant meals typically held more calories than home-produced food, many customers often offset this by eating less throughout the rest of the day.
該研究同時(shí)還表明雖然快餐食物通常含有比家里自制的食物更高的卡路里，但是人們?cè)诔酝昕觳褪澄镏笸鶗?huì)減少一天食物的攝入量，這樣副作用就抵消了。
Obese people who ate at restaurants, the study indicated,“also eat more when they eat at home.”
研究表明，在餐館吃飯的肥胖人士在自己家里的時(shí)候往往也會(huì)吃得很多。
The US government estimates that about one in three Americans, or 100 million in total, are obese. Last month it was predicted that 75 percent of Americans would be overweight in 2020.
美國(guó)政府估計(jì)每一百個(gè)美國(guó)人中間就有一個(gè)肥胖者。上個(gè)月的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查預(yù)估到2020 年75%的美國(guó)人都會(huì)超重。
The problem is thought to cost Americans between 0 billion and 0 billion in annual medical costs.
肥胖問題每年都會(huì)花費(fèi)美國(guó)政府1500 億到1700 億美元的醫(yī)療費(fèi)用。
The study’s authors, Michael Anderson and David Matsa, wrote: “While taxing restaurant meals might cause bese consumers to change where they eat, our results suggest that a tax would be unlikely to affect their underlying tendency to overeat.”
該研究的作者，邁克爾·安德遜和大衛(wèi)·麥莎寫到，“盡管向高卡路里食物征稅可能改變?nèi)藗兊木筒偷攸c(diǎn)，但是卻不能改變他們潛在的過度飲食的習(xí)慣。”
英語(yǔ)考研必讀美文：智能手機(jī)應(yīng)用程序跟蹤心理健康
Military service is notoriously rough on a service member ’s mental health. According to some estimates, 30 percent of service members develop some type of mental health issue within four months of returning home after deployment.
當(dāng)兵對(duì)個(gè)人的心理健康會(huì)造成重大的負(fù)面影響。據(jù)估計(jì)，百分之三十的服兵役的人在退伍回家之后的四個(gè)月內(nèi)會(huì)或多或少出現(xiàn)一些心理疾病。
The military is spending more money than ever to address mental health issues within the ranks, and their latest attempt is a smart phone application called the T2 MoodTracker application, which helps service members keep track of their mental health after deployments.
部隊(duì)現(xiàn)在正花大代價(jià)來解決軍人們的心理健康問題。他們最新推出了一個(gè)叫做T2 情緒追蹤器的智能手機(jī)應(yīng)用軟件，這個(gè)軟件可以幫助退伍士兵時(shí)刻關(guān)注自己的心理健康問題。
The app works like a high-tech diary, allowing users to express emotions and behaviors that result from therapy, medication, daily experiences or changes happening at work or in the home.
這個(gè)軟件就好像是一本高科技日記，使用者可以把他們接受心理治療使用藥物之后的情感和行為記錄下來，也可以記錄他們?cè)诠ぷ骱蜕钪薪?jīng)歷的一些事情。
The smart phone app isn ’t supposed to be a pocket therapist, though. It serves more as an extremely accurate and timely record of a service member’s mental health.
這款軟件并不能被當(dāng)做一個(gè)“隨身攜帶的醫(yī)生”。它只是用來及時(shí)而準(zhǔn)確地記錄退伍老兵的心理健康。
Perry Bosmajian is a psychologist with the National Center for TeleHealth and Technology, where this smart phone app was created. He says this smart phone app will yield much more accurate results on the psychological conditions of service members who have returned home.
皮埃爾·博斯馬吉安是這款軟件的設(shè)計(jì)者，他在國(guó)家遠(yuǎn)程衛(wèi)生和技術(shù)中心工作。他說這款軟件能夠詳細(xì)記錄下退伍士兵的心理健康狀況。
“Therapists and physicians often have to rely on patient recall when trying to gather information about symptoms over the previous weeks or months,” Bosmajian said. “Research has shown that information collected after the fact, especially about mood, tends to be inaccurate. The best record of an experience is when it’s recorded at the time and place it happens.”
“治療師和醫(yī)生都必須依靠病人的描述來獲取信息，判斷他們前幾個(gè)星期或者前幾個(gè)月里出現(xiàn)的一些癥狀”，博斯馬吉安說，“這些依靠回憶獲得的信息往往是不可靠的，特別是關(guān)于情緒的回憶。最好的辦法就是在情緒發(fā)生的時(shí)候?qū)⑺鼫?zhǔn)確地記錄下來。”
The app specifically tracks anxiety, depression, general well-being, life stress, post traumatic stress and brain injury. The daily expressions add up over time to produce a trend that can be observed by physicians and therapists.
這款軟件能夠詳細(xì)記錄下使用者的焦慮，抑郁，幸福感，生活的壓力，創(chuàng)傷后的壓力和腦部損傷。這些每天記錄下來的信息日積月累就可以形成一條曲線，治療師和醫(yī)生可以參考這條曲線所反映的心理趨勢(shì)。
The app has been downloaded more than 5,000 times since it became available on the Android Market a year ago. The app should be available for iPhone users some time next year.
這款軟件一年前在Android 市場(chǎng)上發(fā)布以來，已經(jīng)被下載了5000 次。明年也許就可以在iPhone 上使用了。
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