摘要：專家稱，練習(xí)時(shí)間的確至關(guān)重要，并且正如前述論文所發(fā)現(xiàn)的那樣，練習(xí)時(shí)間對通過積累而達(dá)到的專業(yè)表現(xiàn)的影響，可能會視乎領(lǐng)域而不同。個(gè)性也是一個(gè)相當(dāng)大的變量。

　　The 8-year-old juggling a soccer ball and the 48-year-old jogging by, with Japanese lessons ringingfrom her earbuds, have something fundamental incommon: At some level, both are wondering whethertheir investment of time and effort is worth it.

　　一個(gè)8歲的孩子在顛球，一個(gè)48歲的女子在一邊慢跑，一邊戴著耳機(jī)聽日語課。他們兩人有一個(gè)根本的共同之處：在一定程度上，兩人都想知道，自己投入的時(shí)間和精力是否值得。

　　How good can I get? How much time will it take? Is itpossible I’m a natural at this (for once)? What’s thepercentage in this, exactly?

　　我能達(dá)到多好的水平?那要花多長的時(shí)間?有沒有可能我在這方面有天賦(哪怕就這一次)?這種可能性具體有多大?

　　Scientists have long argued over the relative contributions of practice and native talent to thedevelopment of elite performance. This debate swings back and forth every century, itseems, but a paper in the current issue of the journal Psychological Science illustrates wherethe discussion now stands and hints — more tantalizingly, for people who just want to dotheir best — at where the research will go next.

　　關(guān)于練習(xí)和天賦對優(yōu)異表現(xiàn)的形成的相對影響，科學(xué)家的爭論由來已久。這個(gè)爭論似乎每個(gè)世紀(jì)都會出現(xiàn)反復(fù)，最近的一期《心理科學(xué)》(Psychological Science)上的一篇論文，介紹了這場爭論的現(xiàn)狀。對那些只想全力以赴的人來說，更吸引人的是，文章暗示了未來的研究方向。

　　The value-of-practice debate has reached a stalemate. In a landmark 1993 study of musicians,a research team led by K. Anders Ericsson, a psychologist now at Florida State University,found that practice time explained almost all the difference (about 80 percent) between eliteperformers and committed amateurs. The finding rippled quickly through the popular culture,perhaps most visibly as the apparent inspiration for the “10,000-hour rule” in MalcolmGladwell’s best-selling “Outliers” — a rough average of the amount of practice time required forexpert performance.

　　練習(xí)的價(jià)值之爭已經(jīng)陷入了僵局。1993年，目前任職于佛羅里達(dá)州立大學(xué)(Florida State University)的心理學(xué)家K·安德斯·埃里克森(K. Anders Ericsson)率領(lǐng)一個(gè)研究小組，對音樂家進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)里程碑式的研究。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，練習(xí)時(shí)間幾乎解釋了專業(yè)演奏者和執(zhí)著的業(yè)余人士之間的全部差異(大約80%)。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)很快便通過流行文化傳播開來，最顯而易見的或許就是，馬爾科姆·格拉德威爾(Malcolm Gladwell)在暢銷書《異類》(Outliers)中提出的“一萬小時(shí)定律”，似乎是受了它的啟發(fā)。1萬小時(shí)是達(dá)到專業(yè)表現(xiàn)大致所需的平均時(shí)間。

　　The new paper, the most comprehensive review of relevant research to date, comes to adifferent conclusion. Compiling results from 88 studies across a wide range of skills, itestimates that practice time explains about 20 percent to 25 percent of the difference inperformance in music, sports and games like chess. In academics, the number is much lower— 4 percent — in part because it’s hard to assess the effect of previous knowledge, theauthors wrote.

　　新發(fā)表的這篇論文對相關(guān)研究進(jìn)行了迄今為止最全面的回顧，并得出了一個(gè)截然不同的結(jié)論。文章納入了88項(xiàng)研究的結(jié)果，涉及一系列技能，并且估計(jì)，在音樂、體育和國際象棋等競賽領(lǐng)域，練習(xí)時(shí)間能解釋20%到25%的表現(xiàn)差異。在學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域，這一比例則低很多，僅為4%。作者寫道，這在一定程度上是因?yàn)椋y以評估已有知識的影響。

　　“We found that, yes, practice is important, and of course it’s absolutely necessary to achieveexpertise,” said Zach Hambrick, a psychologist at Michigan State University and a co-author ofthe paper, with Brooke Macnamara, now at Case Western Reserve University, and FrederickOswald of Rice University. “But it’s not as important as many people have been saying”compared to inborn gifts.

　　“我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，練習(xí)的確重要，當(dāng)然絕對是達(dá)到專業(yè)表現(xiàn)所必需的，”密歇根州立大學(xué)(Michigan StateUniversity)心理學(xué)家、上述論文的一位作者扎克·漢布里克(Zach Hambrick)說。但和天賦相比，“練習(xí)并沒有人們說的那么重要。”文章的另外兩名作者分別是凱斯西儲大學(xué)(Case Western Reserve University)的布魯克·麥克納馬拉(Brooke Macnamara)，和萊斯大學(xué)(Rice University)的弗雷德里克·奧斯瓦爾德(FrederickOswald)。

　　One of those people, Dr. Ericsson, had by last week already written his critique of the newreview. He points out that the paper uses a definition of practice that includes a variety ofrelated activities, including playing music or sports for fun or playing in a group.

　　近期，埃里克森博士已就這篇新作寫了一篇評論文章。他指出，論文中采用的對練習(xí)的定義，涵蓋了各種相關(guān)的活動，包括因?yàn)橛X得有趣而演奏音樂或進(jìn)行運(yùn)動，或是參加團(tuán)體活動。

　　But his own studies focused on what he calls deliberate practice: one-on-one lessons in whichan instructor pushes a student continually, gives immediate feedback and focuses on weakspots.

　　但他自己的研究，關(guān)注的則是他定義的“專項(xiàng)練習(xí)”：一對一授課。授課期間，老師不斷督促學(xué)生，及時(shí)給出反饋并注重學(xué)生的薄弱之處。

　　“If you throw all these kinds of practice into one big soup, of course you are going to reducethe effect of deliberate practice,” he said in a telephone interview.

　　“如果把所有這些練習(xí)都放在一起，當(dāng)然會降低專項(xiàng)練習(xí)的效果，”他在接受電話采訪時(shí)說。

　　Dr. Hambrick said that using Dr. Ericsson’s definition of practice would not change the resultsmuch, if at all, and partisans on both sides have staked out positions. Like most branches ofthe nature-nurture debate, this one has produced multiple camps, whose estimates of theeffects of practice vary by as much as 50 percentage points.

　　漢布里克博士說，倘若使用埃里克森對練習(xí)的定義，即使對結(jié)果有影響，也不會太大。雙方的支持者均已表明了立場。和先天稟賦與后天培養(yǎng)之爭的多數(shù)分支一樣，練習(xí)和天賦之爭已經(jīng)催生了多個(gè)陣營，而各陣營對練習(xí)的影響的估計(jì)，差距最高可達(dá)50個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。

　　“This is where we are, with people essentially talking past one another,” said Scott BarryKaufman, a psychologist at the University of Pennsylvania and scientific director of theImagination Institute, which funds research into creativity. And because truly eliteperformance takes many years to achieve, he said, the exact contribution of practice maynever be known precisely.

　　“這就是我們目前的情況，研究者基本上是在各執(zhí)一詞，”賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)(University of Pennsylvania)的心理學(xué)家斯科特·巴里·考夫曼(Scott Barry Kaufman)說。他同時(shí)還在想象力研究所(Imagination Institute)擔(dān)任科學(xué)主任，而該機(jī)構(gòu)為創(chuàng)意研究提供資助。他說，除此之外，因?yàn)橐枚嗄陼r(shí)間才能達(dá)到真正杰出的表現(xiàn)，我們或許永遠(yuǎn)都無法確切知道練習(xí)的具體貢獻(xiàn)。

　　Yet the range of findings and level of disagreement are themselves hints that there are likelyto be factors involved in building expertise that are neither genetic nor related to the amountof practice time.

　　可是，研究結(jié)果的差異和分歧的程度本身暗示著，培養(yǎng)專業(yè)技能的過程中可能涉及一些和遺傳及練習(xí)時(shí)間都無關(guān)的因素。

　　One is the age at which a person picks up a violin, or a basketball, or a language. People whogrow up in bilingual households fully integrate both languages at the same time thatlanguage-specialized areas in their brains are developing. The same may be true of many otherskills — there may exist a critical window of learning in childhood that primes the brain to pickup skills quickly later on.

　　其中一個(gè)因素，是人們開始學(xué)習(xí)小提琴、籃球或語言等技能時(shí)的年齡。在雙語家庭長大的人，能在大腦語言專屬區(qū)發(fā)育的同時(shí)，將兩種語言完全融為一體。這可能也適用于許多其他技能。童年時(shí)期或許存在一個(gè)至關(guān)重要的學(xué)習(xí)期，能讓大腦為日后快速學(xué)會技巧做好最充分的準(zhǔn)備。

　　Other factors are much easier to control. For instance, scientists have shown thatperformance itself — that is, testing oneself, from memory — is a particularly strong form ofpractice. One of the studies that the new review paper includes found that chess masters withsimilar abilities varied widely in the amount of hours they reported practicing, from 3,000 tomore than 25,000.

　　其他因素則容易控制得多。比如，科學(xué)家已經(jīng)證明，表現(xiàn)本身——即根據(jù)記憶自我檢驗(yàn)——就是一種特別有用的練習(xí)形式。新發(fā)表的這篇綜述性文章收錄了多項(xiàng)研究，其中一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，能力相當(dāng)?shù)膰H象棋高手，匯報(bào)的練習(xí)小時(shí)數(shù)從3000至2.5萬以上不等，差異很大。

　　“We may find when looking more closely that playing in tournaments, under pressure, is animportant factor,” Dr. Hambrick said.

　　“通過更細(xì)致的觀察，我們或許會發(fā)現(xiàn)，在壓力下巡回參賽是一個(gè)重要的因素，”漢布里克說。

　　The content of isolated practice is another. In dozens of experiments, scientists have shownthat mixing related skills in a single practice session — new material and old, scales andimprovisation, crawl and backstroke — seems to sharpen each skill more quickly than ifpracticed repeatedly on its own. Varying the place and timing of practice can help as well, forcertain skills, studies suggest.

　　單獨(dú)練習(xí)的內(nèi)容是另一重要因素。科學(xué)家在數(shù)十項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)中證明，相比于重復(fù)地練習(xí)某種單一技能，將相關(guān)的技能——如新內(nèi)容和老內(nèi)容、音階和即興演奏、自由泳和仰泳——融入同一個(gè)練習(xí)環(huán)節(jié)中，似乎能更快地增強(qiáng)其中涉及的各種技能。多項(xiàng)研究表明，變換練習(xí)的場所和時(shí)間安排也有所幫助。

　　“The question is: What is the optimal kind of practice in the area you wish to achieveexpertise?” Dr. Ericsson said. “These are things we are now beginning to study, in areas likemedical training.”

　　“關(guān)鍵問題是，在你希望達(dá)到專業(yè)水平的那個(gè)領(lǐng)域，最佳訓(xùn)練方式是什么呢?”埃里克森教授說。“我們現(xiàn)在正在著手研究醫(yī)療培訓(xùn)等領(lǐng)域的這類問題。”

　　Practice time is critical indeed, and its contribution to accumulated expertise is likely to varyfrom one field to the next as the new paper found, experts said. Personality is an enormousvariable, too, (although partly genetic). “Things like grit, motivation, and inspiration — thatability to imagine achieving this high level, to fantasize about it,” Dr. Kaufman said. “These arethings we don’t know much about yet, and need to study more directly.”

　　專家稱，練習(xí)時(shí)間的確至關(guān)重要，并且正如前述論文所發(fā)現(xiàn)的那樣，練習(xí)時(shí)間對通過積累而達(dá)到的專業(yè)表現(xiàn)的影響，可能會視乎領(lǐng)域而不同。個(gè)性也是一個(gè)相當(dāng)大的變量(盡管它在一定程度上是由基因決定的)。“比如毅力、動力以及進(jìn)取心——就是想象或者是幻想達(dá)到這種高度的能力，”考夫曼博士說。“目前我們對這些還知之甚少，需要更直接地進(jìn)行研究。”

　　But in the end, the most important factor over which people have control — whether juggling,jogging or memorizing a script — may be not how much they practice, but how effectivelythey use that time.

　　不過說到底，不管是顛球、慢跑還是記臺詞，人們可以控制的因素中，最重要的或許不是練習(xí)多長時(shí)間，而是如何有效地利用這些時(shí)間。

　　Strive for Life

　　Knowing that life truly is short and can only be lived once is probably the best line of thinkingfor inspiration. All humans live on a large planet, filled with exciting new experiences,adventures, knowledge, and a wealth of resources to help one with gaining wisdom andknowledge. To realize this and to allow life to take place in this is to responsibly live life. Are allhumans bound for foreign lands, foreign thought, or foreign experiences? No. Should allhumans hope to experience foreign lands, foreign thought, and foreign experiences? Withoutquestion. Having a responsible, reasonable, and mature grasp, mentally, of all that is outthere to enhance one’s experience in life, is one of the greatest blessings one can bestowupon himself. For knowing that the tools one has through birth need to be used and practicedwith; sharpened and prepared for more difficult and challenging use, does one truly andactively approach living life from a strong foundation.

　　Why should anyone try to live life in a constant motion towards becoming greater, becomingstronger, and becoming wiser and more educated? Why not? For facing life with arms crossed,brow furrowed, and expectation as a rule is, without question, a waste. Living life is all aboutstriving forward. So why not do what one can, utilizing one’s God-given tools, to become thegreatest individual one can be? Live. Accept. Face. Strive. Truly live.

　　為生活而奮斗

　　懂得生命短暫，而且只有一次，就會對生活充滿熱情。人們生活在一個(gè)巨大的星球上，每天都充滿著新的歷程，學(xué)到新的知識，掌握到大量的資源，并以此來獲得智慧與知識。認(rèn)識到這一點(diǎn)，并且如此生活，才是有質(zhì)量的生活。是不是每個(gè)人都要去外國，了解外國人的想法，體驗(yàn)外國的生活呢?不是。但是不是每個(gè)人都應(yīng)當(dāng)有去外國，了解外國人的想法，體驗(yàn)外國的生活的想法呢?毫無疑問，是的。作為一個(gè)有責(zé)任心、有理智、有思想、成熟的人，去增長見識無疑是對自己最好的獎賞。因?yàn)槿颂熨x的能力應(yīng)當(dāng)被使用、被鍛煉、被磨礪，為日后所面臨的困難和挑戰(zhàn)做準(zhǔn)備，這就為他積極和真實(shí)地面對生活打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。

　　為什么一個(gè)人要變得更偉大、更強(qiáng)壯、更聰明、更有知識呢?為什么不呢?因?yàn)槿绻е?、皺著眉地對待生活，那么所有的期望都會化為泡影。生活就是要奮勇前進(jìn)。所以，為什么不好好地利用上帝賦予我們的能力，盡量變成一個(gè)最優(yōu)秀的人呢?生活、接受、面對、奮斗，這就是真實(shí)的生活。