初中英語(yǔ)美文背誦
經(jīng)典美文是英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)的重要組成部分,可以陶冶情操,豐富想象,還可以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生對(duì)語(yǔ)言文字的興趣和敏感力。學(xué)習(xí)啦小編整理了初中英語(yǔ)美文，歡迎閱讀!
初中英語(yǔ)美文篇一
Folk Cultures
A folk culture is a small isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that ishomogeneous in custom and race with a strong family or clan structure and highly developedrituals. Order is maintained through sanctions based in the religion or family and interpersonal.Relationships are strong. Tradition is paramount, and change comes infrequently and slowly.There is relatively little division of labor into specialized duties. Rather, each person is expectedto perform a great variety of tasks, though duties may differ between the sexes. Most goodsare handmade and subsistence economy prevails. Individualism is weakly developed in folkcultures as are social classes. Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countriessuch as the United States and Canada. Perhaps the nearest modern equivalent in AngloAmerica is the Amish, a German American farming sect that largely renounces the products andlabor saving devices of the industrial age. In Amish areas, horse drawn buggies still serve as alocal transportation device and the faithful are not permitted to own automobiles. TheAmish’s central religious concept of Demut “humility”, clearly reflects the weakness ofindividualism and social class so typical of folk cultures and there is a corresponding strengthof Amish group identity. Rarely do the Amish marry outside their sect. The religion, a varietyof the Mennonite faith, provides the principal mechanism for maintaining order.
By contrast a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group often highly individualistic and apronounced many specialized professions. Secular institutions of control such as the policeand army take the place of religion and family in maintaining order, and a money-basedeconomy prevails. Because of these contrasts, “popular” may be viewed as clearly differentfrom “folk”. The popular is replacing the folk in industrialized countries and in many developingnations. Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the popularitem is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to use or leads more prestigeto the owner.
民間文化民間文化是小型的、孤立的、緊密的、保守的、近乎自給自足的群體，具有同樣的習(xí)俗、同樣的人種和強(qiáng)有力的家庭或部族結(jié)構(gòu)以及高度發(fā)展的宗教儀式。
秩序由宗教或家庭的約束來(lái)維持，成員間的關(guān)系非常緊密，傳統(tǒng)至高無(wú)上，很少有變動(dòng)且變動(dòng)緩慢。勞動(dòng)專(zhuān)業(yè)分工相對(duì)較少。
每個(gè)人都要做各類(lèi)活計(jì)，盡管男女兩性分工不同。絕大多數(shù)物品是手工制造的，經(jīng)濟(jì)一般為自給自足型。個(gè)人主義和社會(huì)階層在民間文化群體中的發(fā)展十分薄弱。在象美國(guó)和加拿大這樣的工業(yè)化國(guó)家里，一成不變的民間文化群體已不復(fù)存在了。在當(dāng)代美洲的英語(yǔ)區(qū)，與民間文化最相似的群體也許算是Amish。
Amish是美國(guó)的德裔農(nóng)耕部落，他們基本上拒絕接受工業(yè)時(shí)代的大多數(shù)產(chǎn)品和節(jié)省勞力的設(shè)施。在Amish地區(qū)，輕便馬車(chē)仍是當(dāng)?shù)氐慕煌üぞ?，信徒們不允許擁有汽車(chē)。Amish宗教中的核心觀念Demut即謙卑典型地反映了在民間文化群中個(gè)人主義和階級(jí)的不發(fā)達(dá)。
而與此同時(shí)，Amish對(duì)群體的認(rèn)同性卻十分強(qiáng)。Amish人很少和他們宗派以外的人通婚。其宗教，作為Mennonite信仰的一種，提供了維護(hù)秩序的主要機(jī)制。相反，大眾文化是包含不同種族的大群體，通常高度個(gè)性化而且不斷在變化。
人際關(guān)系冷漠，勞動(dòng)分工明確，由此產(chǎn)生了許多專(zhuān)門(mén)的職業(yè)。世俗的控制機(jī)構(gòu)，比如警察和軍隊(duì)，取代了宗教和家庭來(lái)維持秩序，而且實(shí)行的是貨幣經(jīng)濟(jì)。
由于存在著這些差異，"大眾的"與"民間的"可謂大相徑庭。在工業(yè)化國(guó)家以及許多發(fā)展中國(guó)家里，大眾文化正在取代民間文化。
民間制造的物品正讓位于大眾化產(chǎn)品，這通常是因?yàn)榇蟊娀奈锲分圃炱饋?lái)更快、更便宜，用起來(lái)更容易、更方便或者是能給其所有者帶來(lái)更多的威望。
初中英語(yǔ)美文篇二
Vision
Human vision like that of other primates has evolved in an arboreal environment. In the dense complex world of a tropical forest, it is more important to see well that to develop an acute sense of smell. In the course of evolution members of the primate line have acquired large eyes while the snout has shrunk to give the eye an unimpeded view. Of mammals only humans and some primates enjoy color vision. The red flag is black to the bull. Horses live in a monochrome world .light visible to human eyes however occupies only a very narrow band in the whole electromagnetic spectrum. Ultraviolet rays are invisible to humans though ants and honeybees are sensitive to them. Humans though ants and honeybees are sensitive to them. Humans have no direct perception of infrared rays unlike the rattlesnake which has receptors tuned into wavelengths longer than 0.7 micron. The world would look eerily different if human eyes were sensitive to infrared radiation. Then instead of the darkness of night, we would be able to move easily in a strange shadowless world where objects glowed with varying degrees of intensity. But human eyes excel in other ways. They are in fact remarkably discerning in color gradation. The color sensitivity of normal human vision is rarely surpassed even by sophisticated technical devices.
視覺(jué)
人類(lèi)的視覺(jué)，和其它靈長(zhǎng)目動(dòng)物的一樣，是在叢林環(huán)境中進(jìn)化出來(lái)的。在稠密、復(fù)雜的熱帶叢林里，好的視覺(jué)比靈敏的嗅覺(jué)更加重要。
在進(jìn)化過(guò)程中，靈長(zhǎng)目動(dòng)物的眼睛變大，同時(shí)鼻子變小以使視野不受阻礙。在哺乳類(lèi)動(dòng)物中，只有人和一些靈長(zhǎng)目動(dòng)物能夠分辨顏色。
紅旗在公?？磥?lái)是黑色的，馬則生活在一個(gè)單色的世界里。然而，人眼可見(jiàn)的光在整個(gè)光譜中只占一個(gè)非常狹窄的頻段。人是看不到紫外線的，盡管螞蟻和蜜蜂可以感覺(jué)到。與響尾蛇不同，人也不能直接感受到紅外線。
響尾蛇的感覺(jué)器可以感受波長(zhǎng)超過(guò)0.7微米的光線。如果人能感受到紅外線的話，這世界看上去將十分不同，而且恐怖。到那時(shí)，將與夜的黑暗相反，我們能輕易地在一個(gè)奇異的沒(méi)有陰影的世界里走動(dòng)。任何物體都強(qiáng)弱不等地閃著光。然而，人眼在其它方面有優(yōu)越之處。
事實(shí)上，人眼對(duì)顏色梯度具有非凡的分辨能力。普通人類(lèi)的視覺(jué)感受色彩的靈敏程度，甚至連精密的技術(shù)裝備都很難超越。
初中英語(yǔ)美文篇三
The source of Energy
A summary of the physical and chemical nature of life must begin, not on the Earth, but in theSun; in fact, at the Sun’s very center. It is here that is to be found the source of the energythat the Sun constantly pours out into space as light and heat. This energy is librated at thecenter of the Sun as billions upon billions of nuclei of hydrogen atoms collide with each otherand fuse together to form nuclei of helium, and in doing so, release some of the energy that isstored in the nuclei of atoms. The output of light and heat of the Sun requires that some 600million tons of hydrogen be converted into helium in the Sun every second. This the Sun hasbeen doing for several thousands of millions of year.
The nuclear energy is released at the Sun’s center as high-energy gamma radiation, a form ofelectromagnetic radiation like light and radio waves, only of very much shorter wavelength.This gamma radiation is absorbed by atoms inside the Sun to be reemitted at slightly longerwavelengths. This radiation , in its turn is absorbed and reemitted. As the energy filtersthrough the layers of the solar interior, it passes through the X-ray part of the spectrumeventually becoming light. At this stage, it has reached what we call the solar surface, and canescape into space without being absorbed further by solar atoms. A very small fraction of theSun’s light and heat is emitted in such directions that after passing unhindered throughinterplanetary space, it hits the Earth.
能量的來(lái)源
概說(shuō)生命的物理和化學(xué)特性必須始于太陽(yáng)--確切地說(shuō)，是太陽(yáng)的核心，而非地球。能量來(lái)自太陽(yáng)的核心。
在這里，太陽(yáng)不停地以光和熱的形式向空間傾瀉出能量。數(shù)十億計(jì)的氫原子核在太陽(yáng)的核心碰撞并且聚變生成氦。在此過(guò)程中一部分原本儲(chǔ)存于原子核中的能量被釋放出來(lái)。太陽(yáng)所產(chǎn)生的光和熱需要每秒將六億噸氫轉(zhuǎn)化為氦。這樣的轉(zhuǎn)化在太陽(yáng)中已經(jīng)持續(xù)幾十億年了。核能在太陽(yáng)的核心被釋放為高能的伽馬射線。這是一種電磁射線，就象光波和無(wú)線電波一樣，只是波長(zhǎng)要短得多。
這種伽瑪射線被太陽(yáng)內(nèi)的原子所吸收，然后重新釋放為波長(zhǎng)稍長(zhǎng)一些的光波。這新的射線再次被吸收，而后釋放。在能量由太陽(yáng)內(nèi)部一層層滲透出來(lái)的過(guò)程中，它經(jīng)過(guò)了光譜中X射線部分，最后變成了光。在此階段，能
量到達(dá)我們所稱(chēng)的太陽(yáng)表層，并且離散到空間而不再被太陽(yáng)原子所吸收。只有很小一部分太陽(yáng)的光和熱由此方向釋放出來(lái)，并且未被阻擋，穿越星空，來(lái)到地球。
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