關(guān)于計算機(jī)的英語文章
隨著現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)的迅猛發(fā)展，計算機(jī)已經(jīng)廣泛地應(yīng)用到社會的各行各業(yè)，人們渴望學(xué)習(xí)這種“人類通用智力工具”。下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編帶來的關(guān)于計算機(jī)的英語文章，歡迎大家閱讀!
關(guān)于計算機(jī)的英語文章篇一
系統(tǒng)軟件
Software refers to computer programs. Programs are the instructions that tell the computer how to process data into the form you want. There are two kinds of software: system software and application software.
軟件指的是計算機(jī)程序。程序是告訴計算機(jī)如何將數(shù)據(jù)處理成你想要的形式的指令。有兩種軟件：系統(tǒng)軟件和應(yīng)用軟件。
System software is a collection of programs that enables application software to run on a computer system's hardware devices, it is background software and includes programs that help the computer manage its own internal resources.
系統(tǒng)軟件是指能讓應(yīng)用軟件在計算機(jī)系統(tǒng)硬件設(shè)備上運(yùn)行的程序的集合，它是后臺軟件并且包括幫助計算機(jī)管理自己內(nèi)部資源的程序。
Application software is a specialized programs that enables the user to accomplish specific tasks.
應(yīng)用軟件是讓用戶能夠完成特定任務(wù)的專門程序。
In this text, we mainly discuss system software.System software consists of four kinds of programs: bootstrap loader, diagnostic routines, basic input-output system, and operating system. Among these four parts, the operating system is we most concerned with, whith helps manage computer resources. Most important operating systems are: Windows, Windows NT, OS/2, Macintosh, and Unix.
在這一節(jié)中，我們主要討論系統(tǒng)軟件。系統(tǒng)軟件由四種程序組成：引導(dǎo)裝入程序、診斷例程、基本輸入輸出系統(tǒng)和操作系統(tǒng)。在這四種當(dāng)中，操作系統(tǒng)是我們最為關(guān)心的，它幫助管理計算機(jī)資源。最重要的操作系統(tǒng)有Windows、Windows NT、OS/2、Macintosh和Unix。
Windows —Windows gets its name because of its ability to run multiple applications at the same time, each in its own window. Windows offers graphical user interface (GUI), presents the user with graphic images of computer functions and data. It provides a standard mechanism for copying or moving information from one program to another. This mechanism, called the Clipboard, means that information created in one context is instantly reusable in another, you don't need to reenter information or work with clumsy data-transfer utilities. Windows also has DDE (dynamic data exchange) and OLE (object linking and embedding) functions. In DDE two or more applications can be linked. This way, data created in one application is automatically entered into the others. OLE, like DDE, links data between applications. Additionally, OLE allows the application receiving the data to directly access the application that created the data.
Windows之所以稱為窗口是因?yàn)樗哂心芡瑫r運(yùn)行多個應(yīng)用程序的能力，并且每一個程序有其自己的窗口。Windows提供圖形用戶界面，給用戶提供計算機(jī)的功能和數(shù)據(jù)的圖像。它提供標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的機(jī)制用于將信息從一個程序拷貝或移動到另一個程序。這個機(jī)制被稱為剪貼板，意味著在一個文本中產(chǎn)生的信息可以被另外一個文本立即重新使用，而用戶不需要重新輸入信息或使用繁瑣的數(shù)據(jù)傳送實(shí)用程序。Windows還具有DDE(動態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)交換)和OLE (對象鏈接和嵌入)功能。在DEE中兩個或更多的應(yīng)用程序可以被鏈接。使用這種方法，在一個應(yīng)用程序中產(chǎn)生的數(shù)據(jù)可以自動地進(jìn)入其他的程序。OLE類似于DEE在應(yīng)用程序之間鏈接數(shù)據(jù)。另外，OLE允許接收數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)用程序可以直接訪問建立這個數(shù)據(jù)的 應(yīng)用程序。
Windows NT—Windows NT is an operating system designed to run on a wide range of powerful computers and microcomputers. It is a very sophisticated and powerful operation system. Developed by Microsoft, Windows NT is not considered a replacement for Window. Rather, it is an advanced alternative designed for very powerful microcomputers and networks. Windows NT has two major advantages when compare to Windows:
Windows NT它是一種可以在很大泛圍內(nèi)的功能強(qiáng)大的計算機(jī)和微型計算機(jī)上運(yùn)行的操作系統(tǒng)。它是非常復(fù)雜和功能強(qiáng)大的操作系統(tǒng)。Windows NT由微軟公司開發(fā)，并不是為了替代確切地說，它是設(shè)計給功能非常強(qiáng)大的微型計算機(jī)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)的另外一個可供選擇的高級(操作系統(tǒng))。Windows NT和Windows相比較具有兩個主要的優(yōu)點(diǎn)：
Multiprocessing It is similar to multitasking except that the applications are run independently at the same time. For instance, you could be printing a word processing document and using a database management program at the same time. With multitasking, the speed at which the document is printed is affected by the demands of the database management program. With multiprocessing, the demands of the database management program do not affect the printing of the document.
多道處理除了應(yīng)用程序是同時獨(dú)立運(yùn)行之外，它類似于多任務(wù)。比如，你可能正在打印字處理文檔并且同時在使用數(shù)據(jù)庫管理程序。在這種多任務(wù)操作情況下，文件打印的速度會受到使用數(shù)據(jù)庫管理程序這一要求的影響。使用多道處理要求數(shù)據(jù)庫管理程序并不影響打印文檔。
Networking In many business environments, workers often use computer to communicate with one another and to share software using a network. This is made possible and controlled by special system software. Windows NT has network capabilities and security checks built into the operating system. This makes network installation and use relatively easy.
網(wǎng)絡(luò)在許多商業(yè)環(huán)境中，工作人員經(jīng)常使用計算機(jī)相互進(jìn)行交流，并且通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)共享軟件。這是可以通過專門的系統(tǒng)軟件來實(shí)現(xiàn)和控制的。Windows NT具有網(wǎng)絡(luò)功能和嵌入到操作系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的安全檢測功，這使得網(wǎng)絡(luò)安裝和使用相對容易。
OS/2 OS/2 stands for Operating System/2. It was developed jointly by IBM and Microsoft Corporation. OS/2 has many similarities with Windows NT. It is designed for very powerful microcomputers and has several advanced features. Some of its advantages over Windows NT include:
OS/2代表操作系統(tǒng)/2。它是由IBM和微軟公司聯(lián)合開發(fā)的。OS/2和Windows NT具有許多相似之處。它是設(shè)計給功能強(qiáng)大的微型計算機(jī)的，并且具有幾個先進(jìn)特點(diǎn)。它優(yōu)于Windows NT的一些優(yōu)點(diǎn)包括：
Minimum system configuration Like Windows NT, OS/2 requires significant memory and hard disk space. However, OS/2 requires slightly less.
最小的系統(tǒng)配置 像Windows NT一樣, OS/2要大的內(nèi)存和硬盤空間。然而，OS/2需要的較少。
Windows application Like Windows NT, OS/2 does not have a large number of application programs written especially for it. OS/2 can also run Windows programs, but it runs these programs slightly faster than Windows NT.
窗口應(yīng)用 OS/2和Windows NT一樣，沒有很多專門為它編寫的應(yīng)用程序。OS/2同樣可以運(yùn)行程序，但它運(yùn)行這些程序的速度比Windows NT更 快一些 。
Common user interface Microcomputer application programs written specifically for Windows NT, as well as for OS/2, have consistent graphics interfaces. Across applications, the user is provided with similar screen displays, menus, and operations. Additionally, OS/2 offers a consistent interface with mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers.
共同的用戶界面專門為Windows NT以及OS/2編寫的微型計算機(jī)應(yīng)用程序，具有一致的圖形界面。在應(yīng)用程序里，提供給用戶類似的顯示、菜單和操作。此外，OS/2為大型機(jī)、小型機(jī)和微型機(jī)提供一致的界面。
Macintosh Operation System —The Macintosh Software, which runs only on Macintosh computers, offers a high-quality graphical user interface and is very easy to use. Apple Macintosh System 7.5 designed for Apple computers using Motorola's PowerPC microprocessor, is a significant milestone for Apple. It is a very powerful operating system like Windows NT and OS/2. System 7.5 has network capabilities and can read Windows and OS/2 files. It has several advantages:
Macintosh操作系統(tǒng)它僅運(yùn)行在Macintosh計算機(jī)上，提供高質(zhì)量的圖形用戶界面，并且很容易使用。Apple Macintosh System 7.5是為使用Motorola's公司的PowerPC的微處理器的Apple計算機(jī)設(shè)計的，對于Apple機(jī)來說是一個重要的里程碑。它像Windows NT和OS/2―樣是功能強(qiáng)大的操作系統(tǒng)。System 7.5具有網(wǎng)絡(luò)功能并能讀出Windows NT和OS/2的文件。它具有幾個優(yōu)點(diǎn)：
Ease of use The graphical user interface has made the Macintosh popular with many newcomers to computing. This because it is easy to learn.
容易使用圖形用戶界面使得Macintosh在許多計算機(jī)新手用戶中普及，這是因?yàn)樗菀讓W(xué)習(xí)。
Quality graphics Macintosh has established a high standard for graphics processing. This is a principal reason why the Macintosh is popular for desktop publishing. Users are easily able to merge pictorial and text materials to produce nearly professional-looking newsletters, advertisements, and the like.
高質(zhì)量的圖像Macintosh已經(jīng)建立了髙標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的圖像處理，這就是為什么Macintosh在桌面印刷系統(tǒng)流行的主要原因，用戶可以很容易地將圖片和文字材料組織成比較專業(yè)的通信稿、廣告等。
Consistent interfaces Macintosh applications have a consistent graphics interface. Across all applications, the user is provided with similar screen displays, menus, and operations.
一致的界面Macintosh應(yīng)用程序具有一致的圖形界面。在所有的應(yīng)用程序中，提供給用戶相似的屏幕顯示、菜單和操作。
Multitasking Like Windows, Windows NT, and OS/2, the Macintosh System enables you to do multitasking. That is, several programs can run at the same time.
多任務(wù)像Windows, Windows NT和OS/2 —樣，Macintosh系統(tǒng)使得你實(shí)現(xiàn)多任務(wù)，即幾個程序可同時運(yùn)行。
Communications between programs.The Macintosh system allows applications programs to share data and commands with other applications programs.
程序之間的通信Macintosh系統(tǒng)允許應(yīng)用程序之間共享數(shù)據(jù)和命令。
Unix—Unix was originally developed by AT&T for minicomputers and is very good for multitasking. It is also good for networking between computers. Unix initially became popular in industry because for many years AT&T licensed the system to universities for a nominal fee. It is popular among engineers and technical people, with the arrival of very powerful microcomputers, Unix is becoming a larger player in the microcomputer world. Unix can be used with different types of computer systems, that is, it is a portable operating system. It is used with microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers. The other operating systems are designed for microcomputers and are not nearly as portable. It also has the advantages of multitasking, multiprocessing, multiuser, and networking.
Unix它起初是由AT&T為微型機(jī)開發(fā)的，非常適于執(zhí)行多任務(wù)處理。它也適合于計算機(jī)之間的網(wǎng)絡(luò)鏈接。由于多年來AT&T一直將系統(tǒng)以象征性的費(fèi)用提供給大學(xué)使用。因此，Unix起初就在工業(yè)領(lǐng)域很普及。它在工程師和技術(shù)人員中很普及，隨著功能強(qiáng)大的微型計算機(jī)的到來，Unix正成為微機(jī)世界的大玩家。Unix可被用于不同類型的計算機(jī)系統(tǒng)，也就是說它是便攜式的操作系統(tǒng)。它可用于微型機(jī)、小型機(jī)、大型機(jī)和巨型機(jī)上。其他的操作系統(tǒng)被設(shè)計用于微型機(jī)上且?guī)缀醪豢梢浦?。Unix也具有多任務(wù)、多道處理、多用戶和網(wǎng)絡(luò)功能的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
關(guān)于計算機(jī)的英語文章篇二
四類計算機(jī)
Computers are electronic devices that can follow instructions to accept input, process thatinput, and produce information. There are four types of computers: microcomputers,minicomputers, mainframe computers, and supercomputers.
計算機(jī)是根據(jù)指令接收輸入，處理輸入數(shù)據(jù)并產(chǎn)生信息的電子設(shè)備。有四種類型的計算機(jī)：微型機(jī)、小型機(jī)、大型機(jī)和巨型機(jī)。
Microcomputers, also known as personal computers, are small computers that can fit on adesktop.Portable microcomputers can fit in a briefcase or even in the palm of your hand.Microcomputers are used in homes, schools, and industry. Today nearly every field usesmicrocomputers.
微型計算機(jī)，亦被稱為個人計算機(jī)，是可以放在桌面上的小的計算機(jī)。便攜式微型機(jī)可以放入手提箱，甚至手掌中。微型機(jī)被用于家庭、學(xué)校及工業(yè)當(dāng)中。如今幾乎每一領(lǐng)域都在使用微型機(jī)。
One type of microcomputer that is rapidly growing in popularity is the portable computer,which can be easily carried around. There are four categories of portable computers.
正在迅速普及的一種微型機(jī)是便攜式計算機(jī)，很易于四處攜帶。有四種類型的便攜式計算機(jī)。
Laptops: laptops, which weigh between 10 and 16 pounds, may be AC-powered, battery-powered,or both.The AC-powered laptop weighs 12 to 16 pounds. The battery-powered laptopweighs 10 to 15pounds, batteries included, and can be carried on a shoulder strap.
膝上電腦：其重量在10~16磅之間，可以是交流供電，電池供電或兩者均可。交流供電的膝上電腦重量在12~16磅之間。電池供電的膝上電腦的重量包括電池在內(nèi)是10~15磅之間，可以用肩帶背起來攜帶。
Notebook PCs: notebook personal computers weigh between 5 and 10 pounds and can fit intomost briefcases.It is especially valuable in locations where electrical connections are notavailable.Notebook computers are the most popular portable computers today.
筆記本個人電腦：其重量在5~10磅之間，并且可放入大多數(shù)公文包中，它主要是用于連接電源不方便的地方。筆記本電腦是如今最流行的便攜式電腦。
Subnotebooks: subnotebooks are for frequent flyers and life-on-the-roadtypes.Subnotebooks users give up a full-size display screen and keyboard in exchange forless weight.Weighting between 2 and 6 pounds, these computer fit easily into a briefcase.
超輕薄筆記本電腦：用于經(jīng)常出差在路上的一類人。超輕薄筆記本電腦用戶為了較輕的重量放棄了完整的顯示屏幕和鍵盤的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尺寸，但換來的是重量較輕。其重量在2~ 6磅之間，可以很容易地放入公文包中。
Personal Digital Assistants: much smaller than even the subnotebooks.Personal DigitalAssistants (PDAs) weigh from 1 to 4 pounds.The typical PDA combines pen input, writingrecognition, personal organizational tools, and communication capabilities in a very smallpackage.
個人數(shù)字助手：比超輕薄筆記本電腦還要小得多，其重量在1~ 4磅之間。典型的個人數(shù)字助手將鋼筆輸入、書寫識別、個人編排工具和通信功能結(jié)合起來放入小包中。
Minicomputers, also knows as midrange computers, are desk-sized machines.They fall intobetween microcomputers and mainframes in their processing speeds and data-storingcapacities. Medium-size companies or departments of large companies typically use them forspecific purposes.For example, they might use them to do research or to monitor a particularmanufacturing process.Smaller-size companies typically use microcomputers for their generaldata processing needs, such as accounting.
小型計算機(jī)，也被稱為中型機(jī)，是像書桌大小的機(jī)器。它們的處理速度和數(shù)據(jù)存儲能力介于微型機(jī)和大型機(jī)之間。中型公司或大型公司的部門一般使用它們用于特殊用途。例如，可以使用它們作研究或監(jiān)視某一個生產(chǎn)過程。小型公司一股使用小型機(jī)進(jìn)行總的數(shù)據(jù)處理，比如說統(tǒng)計。
Mainframe computers are larger computers occupying specially wired, air-conditioned rooms andcapable of great processing speeds and data storage. They are used by large organizationsbusiness, banks, universities, government agencies—to handle millions of transactions. Forexample, insurance companies use mainframes to process information about millions ofpolicyholders.
大型機(jī)是較大的計算機(jī)，放置在具有專線、空調(diào)的房間中，能夠具有很快的處理速度和很大的數(shù)據(jù)存儲量。它們通常是由一些大的組織機(jī)構(gòu)使用——商業(yè)部門、銀行、大學(xué)、政府機(jī)構(gòu)——以處理數(shù)以百萬計的事務(wù)。例如，保險公司使用大型機(jī)以處理數(shù)以百萬計的保險客戶的信息。
Supercomputers are special, high-capacity computers used by very large organizationsprincipally for research purposes. Among their uses are oil exploration and worldwide weatherforecasting.
巨型機(jī)是由非常大的機(jī)構(gòu)用于研究的大容盤專用計算機(jī)。在這些應(yīng)用當(dāng)中包括石油勘探和世界范圍的天氣預(yù)報。
In general, a computer's type is determined by the following seven factors:
一般說來，計算機(jī)的類型是由下列7個因素決定的：
The type of CPU. Microcomputers use microprocessors. The larger computers tend to use CPUsmade up of separate, high-speed, sophisticated components.
CPU的類型。微型計算機(jī)使用微處理器。較大計算機(jī)趨向于使用由分開的髙速復(fù)雜的零部件構(gòu)成的CPU。
The amount of main memory the CPU can use. A computer equipped with a large amount ofmain memory can support more sophisticated programs and can even hold several differentprograms in memory at the same time.
CPU能夠使用的內(nèi)存的總量。配備有大容量內(nèi)存的計算機(jī)可以支持更復(fù)雜的程序，并且能同時容納幾個不同的程序。
The capacity of the storage devices. The larger computers systems tend to be equipped withhigher capacity storage devices. The speed of the output devices.
存儲設(shè)備的容量，較大計算機(jī)系統(tǒng)趨向于配置較大容盤的存儲設(shè)備。
The speed of microcomputer output devices tends to be rated in terms of the number ofcharacters per second (cps) that can be printed usually in tens and hundreds of cps. Largercomputers' output devices are faster and are usually rated at speeds of hundreds or thousandsof lines that can be printed per minute.
輸出設(shè)備的速度。微機(jī)輸出設(shè)備的速度趨向于用每秒鐘能打印的字符數(shù)(cps)予以度量。通常每秒為幾十個、幾百個字符。較大計算機(jī)的輸出設(shè)備的速度也較快，通常每分鐘可打印幾百或幾千行。
The processing speed in millions of instructions per second (mips). The term instruction isused here to describe a basic task the software asks the computer to perform while alsoidentifying the data to be affected. The processing speed of the smaller computers rangesfrom 7 to 40 mips. The speed of large computers can be 30 to 150 mips or more, andsupercomputers can process more than 200 mips. In other words, a mainframe computer canprocess your data a great deal faster than a microcomputer can.
用mips (每秒鐘百萬條指令)度量處理速度。在這里用術(shù)語“指令”來描述軟件要求計算機(jī)完成的基本任務(wù)，并且標(biāo)識受到影響的數(shù)據(jù)。較小計算機(jī)的處理速度為7~ 40mips或更多。大型計算機(jī)的處理速度能達(dá)到30~500mips或更多。巨型計算機(jī)能處理200多mips。換句話說，大型計算機(jī)處理數(shù)據(jù)的能力要比微機(jī)快得多。
The number of users that can access the computer at one time. Most small computers cansupport only a single user, some can support as many as two or three at a time. Largecomputers can support hundreds of users simultaneously.
一次可以訪問計算機(jī)的用戶數(shù)量。大多數(shù)小型計算機(jī)只能支持單個用戶，有些計算機(jī)—次可以支持兩個或三個用戶，大型計算機(jī)則同時可由幾百個用戶使用。
The cost of the computer system. Business systems can cost as little as 0 (for amicrocomputer) or as much as million (for a mainframe)and much more for supercomputer.
計算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的價格，商用計算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的價格從只值500美元(一臺微機(jī)〉到要開支1，000 萬美元(一臺大型機(jī))，巨型計算機(jī)則花費(fèi)更多。
關(guān)于計算機(jī)的英語文章篇三
計算機(jī)硬件
Computer hardware has four parts: the central processing unit (CPU) and memory, storagehardware, input hardware, and output hardware.
計算機(jī)硬件具有四部分：中央處理器和內(nèi)存、存儲硬件、輸入硬件和輸出硬件。
The part of the computer that runs the program is known as the processor or centralprocessing unit (CPU). In a microcomputer, the CPU is on a single electronic component, themicroprocessor chip, within the system unit or system cabinet. The CPU itself has two parts:the control unit and the arithmetic-logic unit. In a microcomputer, these are both on themicrocomputer chip.
計算機(jī)運(yùn)行程序的部分被稱為處理器或中央處理單元。在微型計算機(jī)中，是在一個單獨(dú)的電子元件上，即微處理器芯片上，它在系統(tǒng)單元內(nèi)或系統(tǒng)機(jī)箱內(nèi)。本身具有兩個部分：控制單元和算術(shù)一邏輯單元。在微型計算機(jī)中，這兩個部分都在微型機(jī)芯片上。
The Control Unit ——The control unit tells the rest of the computer system how to carry out aprogram's instructions. It directs the movement of electronic signals between memory and thearithmetic-logic unit. It also directs these control signals between the CPU and input andoutput devices.
控制單元控制單元告訴計算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的其他部分如何完成程序指令。它指導(dǎo)著內(nèi)存和算術(shù)一邏輯單元之間的電子信號的移動。它也指揮著CPU和輸入輸出設(shè)備之間的控制信號。
The Arithmetic-Logic Unit——The arithmetic-logic unit, usually called the ALU, performs twotypes of operations—arithmetic and logical. Arithmetic operations are, as you might expect, thefundamental math operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Logicaloperations consist of comparisons. That is , two pieces of data are compared to see whetherone is equal to, less than, or greater than the other.
算術(shù)-邏輯單元算術(shù)-邏輯單元,通常被稱為ALU，完成兩類運(yùn)箅一算術(shù)和邏輯。 算術(shù)運(yùn)算,如你所期望的，是基本的數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算：加、減、乘、除。邏輯運(yùn)算是由比較(運(yùn) 算)構(gòu)成的。也就是說，用數(shù)據(jù)的兩部分進(jìn)行比較，以看其中一個是否是等于、小于或大于另外一個。
Memory ——Memory is also known as primary storage, internal storage, it temporarilyholds data, program instructions, and information. One of the most important facts to knowabout memory is that part of its content is held only temporarily. In other words, it is storedonly as long as the computer is turned on. When you turn the machine off, the contentimmediately vanish. The stored contents in memory are volatile and can vanish very quickly.
內(nèi)存內(nèi)存也被稱為主存儲器、內(nèi)部存儲器,它臨時地存儲數(shù)據(jù)、程序指令和信息。對于內(nèi)存需要了解的一個最重要的事實(shí)是它所保存的內(nèi)容只是臨時的。換句話說，它只在計算機(jī)開著時才保存(數(shù)據(jù))當(dāng)機(jī)器被關(guān)閉時，其內(nèi)容會立即消失。在內(nèi)存中所存儲的信息是易失性的并能很快消失。
Storage Hardware——The purpose of storage hardware is to provide a means of storingcomputer instructions and data in a form that is relatively permanent, that is, the data is notlost when the power is turned off—and easy to retrieve when needed for processing.There arefour kinds of storage hardware: floppy disks, hard disks, optical disk, and magnetic tape.
Floppy Disks——Floppy disks are also called diskettes, flexible disks, floppies, or simply disks.The plastic disk inside the diskette cover is flexible, not rigid. They are flat, circular pieces ofmylar plastic that rotate within a jacket. Data and programs are stored as electromagneticcharges on a metal oxide film coating the mylar plastic.
軟盤又被稱為軟磁盤、可彎曲磁盤、軟盤、或簡單地稱為磁盤。在磁盤表面內(nèi)部的塑料盤是柔軟的，不是堅硬的。這些塑料盤是平的、在一個套子內(nèi)部旋轉(zhuǎn)的圓的聚脂塑料片。程序和數(shù)據(jù)是以電磁荷的形式存儲在聚脂塑料外面包著的金屬氧化膠片上。
Hard Disks——Hard disks consist of metallic rather than plastic platters. They are tightly sealedto prevent any foreign matter from getting inside. Hard disks are extremely sensitiveinstruments. The read-write head rides on a cushion of air about 0.000001 inch thick. It is sothin that a smoke particle, fingerprint, dust, or human hair could cause what is known as ahead crash. A head crash happens when the surface of the read-write head or particles on itssurface contact the magnetic disk surface. A head crash is a disaster for a hard disk. It meansthat some or all of the data on the disk is destroyed. Hard disks are assembled under sterileconditions and sealed from impurities within their permanent containers.
硬盤硬盤是由金屬盤片而不是塑料盤片組成的。它們被緊緊地密封起來，以防止外界東西進(jìn)入。硬盤是非常靈敏的設(shè)備。讀寫頭浮在大約0.000001英寸厚的空氣氣墊上。它是如此的薄，以至于煙粒、指印、灰塵或者頭發(fā)都可能引起磁頭劃傷。當(dāng)讀寫頭的表面或表面上的微粒與磁盤表而接觸時就會發(fā)生磁頭劃傷。磁頭劃傷對于硬盤來講是災(zāi)難，它意味著磁盤上的數(shù)據(jù)部分或全部丟失。硬盤是在無菌條件下安裝并且密封在遠(yuǎn)離雜質(zhì)的永久的容器內(nèi)。
Optical Disks——Optical disks are used for storing great quantities of data. An optical disk canhold 650 megabytes of data—the equivalent of hundreds of floppy disks. Moreover, an opticaldiskmakes an immense amount of information available on a microcomputer. In optical-disktechnology, a laser beam alters the surface of a plastic or metallic disk to represent data. Toread the data, a laser scans these areas and sends the data to a computer chip forconversion.
光盤光盤用于存儲大量的數(shù)據(jù)。一個光盤可能容納650兆字節(jié)的數(shù)據(jù)一相當(dāng)于數(shù) 以百計的軟盤。并且光盤使得大量的信息用于微機(jī)上。在光盤技術(shù)中，激光束改變塑料 或金屬盤的表而來代表數(shù)據(jù)。為了記取數(shù)據(jù)，激光掃描這些區(qū)域并且將這些數(shù)據(jù)送給計算機(jī)芯片以轉(zhuǎn)換。
Magnetic Tape——Magnetic tape is an effective way of making a backup, or duplicate, copy ofyour programs and data. We mentioned the alarming consequences that can happen if a harddisk suffers a head crash. You will lose some or all of your data or programs. Of course, youcan always make copies of your hard-disk files on floppy disks. However, this can be time-consuming and may require many floppy disks. Magnetic tape is sequential access storage andcan solve the problem mentioned above.
磁帶磁帶是備份，即復(fù)制、拷貝程序和數(shù)據(jù)的有效方法。我們曾提到如果硬盤遭遇磁頭劃傷就會產(chǎn)生令人擔(dān)憂的結(jié)果，你將會丟失部分或全部的程序或數(shù)據(jù)。當(dāng)然，你可以將硬盤上的文件拷貝到軟盤上。然而這很耗時，并且需要很多軟盤。磁帶是順序訪問存儲，能夠解決上面所提問題。
Input Hardware——Input devices take data and programs people can read or understand andconvert them to a form the computer can process. This is the machine-readable electronicsignals of 0s and 1s. Input hardware is of two kinds: keyboard entry and direct entry.
輸入硬件輸入硬件接收人們能讀懂的程序和數(shù)據(jù)并將其轉(zhuǎn)換為計算機(jī)能處理的形 式-這就是機(jī)器可讀的電子信號0和1。有兩種輸入硬件：鍵盤輸入和直接輸入。
Keyboard Entry——Data is input to the computer through a keyboard that looks like atypewriter keyboard but has additional keys. In this method, the user typically reads from anoriginal document called the source document. The user enters that document by typingon the keyboard.
鍵盤輸入數(shù)據(jù)通過形似打字機(jī)鍵盤但有附加鍵的鍵盤輸入到計算機(jī)。用這種方式，用戶一般讀取被稱為是源文件的初始文件。用戶通過在鍵盤上打字而輸入那個文件。
Direct Entry——Data is made into machine-readable form as it is entered into the computer, nokeyboard is used. Direct entry devices may be categorized into three areas: pointing devices(for example, mouse, touch screen, light pen, digitizer are all pointing devices), scanningdevices (for example, image scanner, fax machine, bar-code reader are all scanning devices),and voice-input devices.
直接輸入當(dāng)數(shù)據(jù)輸入到計算機(jī)時，是以機(jī)器可讀懂的形式輸入的，不需要鍵盤。直接輸入設(shè)備可以被分成三類：指針設(shè)備(如：鼠標(biāo)、觸摸屏、光筆、數(shù)字化儀都是指針設(shè)備)、掃描設(shè)備(如圖像掃描儀、傳真機(jī)、條形碼讀器都是掃描設(shè)備)和聲音輸入設(shè)備。
Output Hardware——Output devices convert machine-readable information into people-readable form. Common output devices are monitors, printers, plotters, and voice output.
輸出硬件輸出設(shè)備將機(jī)器可讀的信息轉(zhuǎn)換為人類可讀的形式。一般的輸出設(shè)備有監(jiān)視器、打印機(jī)、繪圖儀和聲音輸出設(shè)備。
Monitors——Monitors are also called display screen or video display terminals. Most monitorsthat sit on desks are built in the same way as television sets, these are called cathode-raytubes. Another type of monitor is flat-panel display, including liquid-crystal display (LCD),electroluminescent (EL) display Chapter 1 Computer Fundamentals and gas-plasma display.AnLCD does not emit light of its own. Rather, it consists of crystal molecules. An electric fieldcauses the molecules to line up in a way that alters their optical properties. Unfortunately,many LCDs are difficult to read in sunlight or other strong light. A gas-plasma display is thebest type of flat screen. Like a neon light bulb, the plasma display uses a gas that emits lightin the presence of an electric current.
監(jiān)視器監(jiān)視器也被稱為屏幕顯示或視頻顯示終端。大多數(shù)放在桌面上的監(jiān)視器的制作方法同電視一樣，被稱為是陰極射線管。另一類監(jiān)視器是平板顯示器，包括液晶顯示、光電發(fā)光顯示和等離子顯示。液晶顯示自己不發(fā)射光，相反，是由晶體分子組成，電場使得這些分子排成一行，在某種程度上改變著它們的光學(xué)特性。不幸的是，許多液晶顯示器在太陽光或其他強(qiáng)光下很難讀到。等離子顯示器是平板顯示器中最好的一種，像霓光燈泡，等離子顯示器在電流存在的情況下使用一種發(fā)光的氣體。
Printers——There are four popular kinds of printers: dot-matrix, laser, ink-jet, and thermal.
打印機(jī)有四種流行的打印機(jī)：點(diǎn)陣式、激光式、噴墨式和熱敏式。
Dot-Matrix Printe——Dot-matrix printers can produce a page of text in less than 10 secondsand are highly reliable. They form characters or images using a series of small pins on a printhead. The pins strike an inked ribbon and create an image on paper. Printers are available withprint heads of 9, 18, or 24 pins. One disadvantage of this type of printer is noise.
點(diǎn)陣式打印機(jī)能在不到幾秒的時間內(nèi)打印一頁文本并且非?？煽?。點(diǎn)陣式打印機(jī)利用在打印頭上的一系列小針來形成字符或圖像。這些針擊打噴墨的色帶并在紙上產(chǎn)生圖像。有9針、18針和24針的打印機(jī)，這種打印機(jī)的一個缺點(diǎn)是它的噪音。
Laser Printer——The laser printer creates dotlike images on a drum, using a laser beam lightsource. The characters are treated with a magnetically charged inklike toner and then aretransferred from drum to paper. A heat process is used to make the characters adhere. Thelaser printer produces images with excellent letter and graphics quality.
激光打印機(jī)使用激光束光源在磁鼓上產(chǎn)生小點(diǎn)一樣的圖像，用磁化的帶電的像墨一樣的碳粉處理這些字符，然后從磁鼓傳送到紙上，再使用熱處理過程使這些字符粘貼。激光打印機(jī)打印的圖像字符淸晰，圖像質(zhì)盤高。
Ink-Jet Printer——An ink-jet printer sprays small droplets of ink at high speed onto the surfaceof the paper. This process not only produces a letter-quality image but also permits printing tobe done in a variety of colors.
噴墨式打印機(jī)能以很高速度將小點(diǎn)狀墨汁噴到紙面上。這一過程不僅印刷高質(zhì)量的圖像，并且能打印彩色圖像。
Thermal Printer——A thermal printer uses heat elements to produce images on heat-sensitivepaper. Color thermal printers are not as popular because of their cost and the requirement ofspecifically treated paper. They are a more special use printer that produces near photographicoutput. They are widely used in professional art and design work where very high quality coloris essential.
熱敏式打印機(jī)使用熱元素在熱感應(yīng)紙上產(chǎn)生圖像。由于價格以及需要特殊處理的紙張，彩色熱敏打印機(jī)不是很普及。熱敏式打印機(jī)是打印逼真輸出的特殊打印機(jī)。它們被廣泛應(yīng)用在要求高質(zhì)盤彩色輸出的專業(yè)藝術(shù)設(shè)計工作中。
Plotters—Plotters are special-purpose output devices for producing bar charts, maps,architectural drawings, and even three-dimensional illustrations. Plotters can produce high-quality multicolor documents and also documents that are larger in size than most printers canhandle. There are four types of plotters: pen, ink-jet, electrostatic, and direct imaging.
繪圖儀是特殊用途的輸出設(shè)備，用于產(chǎn)生條形圖、地圖、建筑繪圖、甚至三維圖表。繪圖儀可以輸出高質(zhì)量的多種色彩的文檔，并且文檔的尺寸比大多數(shù)打印機(jī)能處理的要大。有四種類型的繪圖儀：鋼筆、噴墨、靜電和直接圖像。
Voice-Output Devices——Voice-output devices make sounds that resemble human speech butactually are pre-recorded vocalized sounds. Voice output is used as a reinforcement tool forlearning, such as to help students study a foreign language. It is used in many supermarkets atthe checkout counter to confirm purchases. Of course, one of the most powerful capabilities isto assist the physically challenged.
聲音輸出設(shè)備聲音輸出設(shè)備可以發(fā)出類似于人類說話的聲音，但實(shí)際上是事先錄制的聲音。聲音輸出被用作學(xué)習(xí)的加強(qiáng)工具，例如幫助學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)外語。它被用于許多超市的檢驗(yàn)柜臺來確認(rèn)購買。當(dāng)然，它最強(qiáng)大的功能是用來幫助殘障者。
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