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數(shù)學(xué)傷大腦
Math Hurts My Brain – Why?
數(shù)學(xué)傷大腦
It’s time to go again to the A Moment of Science mailbag. A listener writes:
又到了科學(xué)一刻聽眾的來信時間。一位聽眾寫道：
I’m not a math person. In fact, anytime I have to deal with numbers, let alone solve an actual math problem‑‑which, thankfully, is not often‑‑it’s almost painful.
我不是很擅長數(shù)學(xué)。事實上，每次我跟數(shù)字一打交道就覺得痛苦不堪，跟別提解決單純的數(shù)學(xué)問題了，不過謝天謝地，這種事不常有。
What’s going on?
怎么回事?
First, you should know that you’re certainly not alone. Lots of people suffer from what’s known as math anxiety. And what’s most interesting is that, according to one study, people with very high levels of math anxiety actually experience pain when confronted with a math challenge. Not metaphorical pain‑‑actual, real pain.
首先，你要知道你絕不孤單。許多人都遭受數(shù)學(xué)焦慮癥的折磨。最有趣的是，有一項研究表明，嚴重數(shù)學(xué)焦慮癥患者當面對數(shù)學(xué)挑戰(zhàn)時會實實在在經(jīng)歷疼痛。這種疼痛不是一種想象出來的感覺，而是真實的痛感。
OK, but what does that mean? How can math cause pain?
好的，這意味著什么呢?數(shù)學(xué)怎么可能造成疼痛呢?
All in the brain
存于腦中
It’s all in the brain, of course. The researchers compared fourteen people with high math anxiety to fourteen people with low math anxiety. Each group was given a series of word and math problems while an MRI machine scanned their brain activity. Before each problem, either a yellow circle would appear to indicate that they were about to solve a math problem, or a blue square would pop up to signal a word problem.
當然，這與大腦有關(guān)。研究人員將14名嚴重數(shù)學(xué)焦慮癥患者與14名輕度數(shù)學(xué)焦慮癥患者進行對比。每組人員都拿到一系列的文字與數(shù)學(xué)問題，同時使用核磁共振成像機器對他們的大腦活動進行掃描。在每一個問題出現(xiàn)前，會有一個黃圈出現(xiàn)，指明他們即將解決一個數(shù)學(xué)問題，或是出現(xiàn)一個藍色方框，這是表明彈出的是文字問題。
When people with high math anxiety saw the dreaded yellow circle, the parts of their brain linked to pain perception lit up like a pinball machine. People with low math anxiety didn’t show much or any activity in that part of the brain.
當嚴重數(shù)學(xué)焦慮癥患者看到令人懼怕的黃圈時，他們腦部連接痛感的部分立刻如彈球機一般活躍起來。輕度數(shù)學(xué)焦慮癥患者的那部分大腦則沒出現(xiàn)太多這種情況，甚至都沒有任何反應(yīng)。
So doing math problems caused real pain. Not exactly. It’s the anticipation of doing math that lit up the pain sensors. Actually doing math didn’t cause any pain‑related brain activity.
因此，解決數(shù)學(xué)難題真導(dǎo)致真實的疼痛。并非如此。當?shù)弥鉀Q數(shù)學(xué)難題時，疼痛感知神經(jīng)即被激活。事實上在做數(shù)學(xué)題的過程中并沒有觸動任何讓人感知疼痛的腦部活動。
吃蔬菜的正確時間
Timing Your Vegetables Right
吃蔬菜的正確時間
Veggie Insect Repellent
蔬菜殺蟲劑
When a vegetable is growing, it protects itself from insects by producing chemical nutrients that make it taste bad or seem repellant to predators. Some of these nutrients—in particular phytochemicals—have been shown to fight cancer in people. What’s more, many vegetables are able to anticipate when insects will attack, and will ramp up its defenses accordingly.
蔬菜在生長的過程中會產(chǎn)生化學(xué)養(yǎng)分，使其口感變差或讓捕食者排斥，以此來保護自己免受蟲害。這其中的一些化學(xué)養(yǎng)分，特別是植物素，已經(jīng)被證明可以用于人類抵抗癌癥。并且，許多蔬菜都能夠提前預(yù)見昆蟲的進攻，并相應(yīng)地增加自身防御力。
Light Exposure
曝光量
Even after vegetables are harvested and they’re no longer fighting insects, these garden wonders can still be made to produce more nutrients at certain times. This is done by varying a vegetable’s light exposure to simulate the experience of night turning into day. Studies have shown that vegetables stored this way produce more phytochemicals during the light cycle.
即便蔬菜已經(jīng)豐收，無需再抵抗昆蟲，這些菜園中的奇跡依舊能在某些時候產(chǎn)生較多的營養(yǎng)素。方法就是通過改變蔬菜的光照量來制造出晝夜交替的效果。研究表明這種方式下儲存的蔬菜會在光照周期中產(chǎn)生更多的植物素。
So eating vegetables during this golden period means you’re getting more nutritional value!
所以在這段黃金時間吃蔬菜意味著你能獲得更多的營養(yǎng)價值!
It’s not yet clear how people might be able to activate these nutrition-packed properties at home. Perhaps simply storing veggies in the dark and then subjecting them to a flash of light is enough to trigger the process. Or it could be more complex. In any case, more research could help us find ways to maximize vegetables’ nutritional benefits.
至于人們?nèi)绾文茉诩揖图せ钸@些儲存的營養(yǎng)素，還不甚清楚。也許只是簡單地將蔬菜儲存在暗處再給予它們一閃光亮就足以觸發(fā)這一過程。或者還會更復(fù)雜。無論如何，更多的研究會幫助我們找到使蔬菜營養(yǎng)價值最大化的方法。
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