商務(wù)合同英譯應(yīng)注意的問題(3)
三、慎重處理合同的關(guān)鍵細(xì)目
實(shí)踐證明，英譯合同中容易出現(xiàn)差錯(cuò)的地方，一般來說，不是大的陳述性條款。而恰恰是一些關(guān)鍵的細(xì)目.比如：金錢、時(shí)間、數(shù)量等。為了避免出差錯(cuò)，在英譯合同時(shí)，常常使用一些有限定作用的結(jié)構(gòu)來界定細(xì)目所指定的確切范圍。
3.1 限定責(zé)任
眾所周知，合同中要明確規(guī)定雙方的責(zé)任。為英譯出雙方責(zé)任的權(quán)限與范圍，常常使用連詞和介詞的固定結(jié)構(gòu)。現(xiàn)把最常用的此類結(jié)構(gòu)舉例說明如下。
3.1.1 and/or
常用 and/or 英譯合同中“甲和乙+甲或乙”的內(nèi)容，這樣就可避免漏譯其中的一部分。
例 9：如果上述貨物對(duì)船舶和(或)船上其它貨物造成任何損害，托運(yùn)人應(yīng)負(fù)全責(zé)。
The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/or cargo7 on buard.
3.1.2 by and between
常用 by and between 強(qiáng)調(diào)合同是由“雙方”簽訂的，因此雙方必須嚴(yán)格履行合同所賦于的責(zé)任。
例 10：買賣雙方同意按下述條款購(gòu)買出售下列商品并簽訂本合同。
This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the undermentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated8 below.
3.2 限定時(shí)間
英譯與時(shí)間有關(guān)的文字，都應(yīng)非常嚴(yán)格慎重地處理，因?yàn)楹贤瑢?duì)時(shí)間的要求是準(zhǔn)確無誤。所以英譯起止時(shí)間時(shí)，常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來限定準(zhǔn)確的時(shí)間。
3.2.1 雙介詞
用雙介詞英譯含當(dāng)天日期在內(nèi)的起止時(shí)間。
例 11;自 9 月 2O 日起，甲方已無權(quán)接受任何定單或收據(jù)。
Party Ashall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after September 20.
例 12：我公司的條件是，3 個(gè)月內(nèi)，即不得晚于 5 月 1 日，支付現(xiàn)金。
Our terms are cash within three months, i.e. on or before May 1.
3.2.2 not(no)later than
用“not (no) later than +日期”英譯“不遲于某月某日”。
例 13：本合同簽字之日一個(gè)月內(nèi)，即不遲于 12 月 15 日，你方須將貨物裝船。
Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract, i.e. not later than December 15.
3.2.3 include 的相應(yīng)形式
常用 include 的相應(yīng)形式：inclusive、including 和 included，來限定含當(dāng)日在內(nèi)的時(shí)間。
例 14：本證在北京議付，有效期至 1 月 1 日。
This credit expires till January 1(inclusive) for negotiation9 in Beijing. (or:This credit expires till and including January 1 for negotiation in Beijing.) 如果不包括 1 月 1 日在內(nèi)，英譯為 till and not including January 1。
3.3 限定金
為避免金額數(shù)量的差漏、偽造或涂改，英譯時(shí)常用以下措施嚴(yán)格把關(guān)。
3.3.1.大寫文字重復(fù)金額
英譯金額須在小寫之后，在括號(hào)內(nèi)用大寫文字重復(fù)該金額，即使原文合同中沒有大寫，英譯時(shí)也有必要加上大寫。在大寫文字前加上“SAY”，意為“大寫”;在最后加上“ONLY”.意思為“整”。必須注意：小寫與大寫的金額數(shù)量要一致。
例 16：聘方須每月付給受聘方美元 500 元整。
Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US $ 500 (SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY).
3.3.2. 正確使用貨幣符號(hào)
英譯金額必須注意區(qū)分和正確使用各種不同的貨幣名稱符號(hào)?！?”既可代表“美元”，又可代表其他某些地方的貨幣;而“￡”不僅代表“英鎊”，又可代表其他某些地方的貨幣。
必須注意：當(dāng)金額用數(shù)字書寫時(shí)，金額數(shù)字必須緊靠貨幣符號(hào)，例如：Can 1,568，不能寫成：Can $ 891,568。另外，翻譯的還要特別注意金額中是小數(shù)點(diǎn) (.) 還是分節(jié)號(hào) (,)，因?yàn)檫@兩個(gè)符號(hào)極易引起筆誤，稍有疏忽，其后果是不堪設(shè)想的。
擴(kuò)展：商務(wù)合同寫作七個(gè)句型
policy.Secondly,there has been a rapid expansion of our national economy .Further-more,the birth rate has been put under control.
2.My suggestions to deal with the problem are as follows.In the first place,… Secondly,…Finally…
(提出建議)我對(duì)解決這個(gè)問題的建議如下。首先，迫在眉睫的是建立自然保護(hù)區(qū)。其次，有些瀕臨滅絕的珍稀野生動(dòng)物應(yīng)該收捕、人工喂養(yǎng)并繁殖。最后，對(duì)于捕獵珍稀野生動(dòng)物的人必須嚴(yán)懲。
My suggestions to deal with the problem are as follows .To begin with,it is urgent to create nature reserves. Secondly,certain rare wild animals that are going to be extinct should be collected,fed and reproduced artificially.Finally ,those who hunt them must be punished severely1.
3.Different people have different opinions on this question.Some people believe that … Others problem \matter \argue that… Still others assert that…
(論述不同看法)人們對(duì)失敗持有不同的態(tài)度。面對(duì)失敗，有人能夠經(jīng)得起考驗(yàn)，從失敗中汲取教訓(xùn)，并努力去完成他們下定決心要做的事情。然而，另一些人卻喪失信心并退卻了。
People differ in their attitudes towards failure.Faced with it ,some of them can stand up to it .draw useful lessons from it and try hard to fulfill2 what they are determined3 to do.Others,however,lose heart and give in.
4.It is important (nessary, urgent, difficult, easy, expensive, desirable, abvisable, convenient, comfortable)for sb. to do sth.
(發(fā)表意見)人們希望建立更多的醫(yī)院、購(gòu)物中心、娛樂中心、電影院和其他公用設(shè)施來滿足人民日益增長(zhǎng)的需求。
It is desirable to build more hospitals,shopping centres,recreation centres,cinemas and other public facilities to meet the growing needs of people.
5.As a popular saying goes “Everything has two sides.”
(分析利弊)常言道：“事物總是一分為二的”。如今人們從科技發(fā)明中得到越來越多的好處。另一方面，科技進(jìn)步也給我們帶來了許多麻煩。現(xiàn)在許多國(guó)家的人民飽嘗公害之苦。
As a popular saying goes, “Everything has two sides.” Now people (the public)are benefiting more and more from scientific and technological4 inventions. On the other hand,the progress of science and technology is bringing us a lot of trouble. People in many countries are suffering from public hazards.
6.For example, …
(舉例闡述)For instance, …Let"s take …for examlpe.就拿汽車為例。汽車不僅污染城市空氣，而且使城市擁擠不堪。此外，汽車造成許多交通事故。汽車所產(chǎn)生的噪音使居住在街道兩旁的居民日夜不得安寧。
Let"s take cars for example.They not only pollute the air in cities,but make them crowed.Furthermore,they cause a lot of traffic accidents. (…, they are responsible for a lot of traffic accidents.) The noise made by cars disturbs the residents living on both sides of streets all day and night.
7.It is generally believed that …accepted
(引證觀點(diǎn))人們普遍認(rèn)為，在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家人口增長(zhǎng)的主要原因與其說是出生率的上升，還不如說是由于醫(yī)療保健的改善的使死亡率下降了。
It is generally believed (=thought) that the chief reason for the increase in population in developed coutries is not so much the rise in birth rates as the decline in death rates as a result of the improvement in medical care.
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